“…Several studies on clinical populations, including patients with frontal lobe disease (De Villiers, Zent, Eastman, & Swingler, 1996), Alzheimer’s-type dementia (Sommers & Huff, 2003; Waldie & Kwong See, 2003), schizophrenia (Mammarella et al, 2010; Moritz, Woodward, Cuttler, Whitman, & Watson, 2004), Asperger’s syndrome (Bowler, Gardiner, Grice, & Saavalainen, 2000), and post-traumatic stress disorder (Brennen, Dybdahl, & Kapidžić, 2007; Hauschildt, Peters, Jelinek, & Moritz, 2012; Khosropour, Ebrahiminejad, Baniasadi, & Faryabi, 2010), and on different age groups, including children (Brainerd & Reyna, 2002; Otgaar & Smeets, 2010; Otgaar, Verschuere, Meijer, & van Oorsouw, 2012; Riggs & Robinson, 1995; Thijssen, Otgaar, Howe, & de Ruiter, 2013), adolescents (Caza, Doré, Gingras, & Rouleau, 2011; Goodman et al, 2011; Zack, Sharpley, Dent, & Stacy, 2009), adults (McCabe & Smith, 2002; Otgaar, Peters, & Howe, 2012), and the elderly (Hamajima, Nakanishi, Fujiwara, Nakaaki, & Tatsumi, 2005; Kunimi & Matsukawa, 2011; Meade, Geraci, & Roediger, 2012; Plancher, Guyard, Nicolas, & Piolino, 2009), have shown increased false memory formation relative to controls. Such patterns are predicted by Fuzzy-Trace Theory (e.g., Reyna & Brainerd, 2011), which suggests that these clinical populations have difficulty processing the semantic gist of their experiences.…”