The difference in stereoacuity testing: contour-based and random dot-based graphs at far and near distances

Zhao, Lingzhi; Wu, Huang

doi:10.21037/atm.2019.03.62

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“… Stereopsis: this was evaluated at near under photopic conditions using the Titmus Wirt test (Precision Vision, Woodstock, IL, USA) and at distance by means of the software Smarthings4vision (SmarThings4Vision, Zaragoza, Spain). Although the Titmus Wirt is a stereotest with monocular cues [ 20 ], it has been shown to be valid for the evaluation of stereopsis in clinical studies [ 21 ]. The test used for measuring the distance stereopsis (6 m) consisted of the identification of the protruding circle from those presented on the screen until a situation in which the subject was not able to discriminate the image in 3D (4 flat figures).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Visual and Oculomotor Alterations in a Clinical Population of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Bilbao

Piñero

2021

Brain Sciences

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A prospective, non-randomized comparative study was conducted to compare the distribution of oculomotor and visual alterations in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and healthy children without such disorders. Sixty-nine children (aged 6–13 years) were enrolled and divided into three groups: a control group (CG) of 23 healthy children; a group of 18 healthy children with oculomotor abnormalities (OAG); and a group of 28 children with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDDG), with 15 cases of dyslexia, 7 cases of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and 6 cases of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Significantly worse near stereopsis was found in NDDG compared with CG (p < 0.001) and OAG (p = 0.001). Likewise, a significantly lower amplitude of accommodation was found in NDDG compared with CG in both the right (p = 0.001) and left eyes (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences between groups were found in the measurement of near and distance phoria (p ≥ 0.557), near point of convergence (p = 0.700) and fusional vergences (p ≥ 0.059). Significantly impaired oculomotor test scores were found in NDDG compared with CG (p < 0.001), with no significant differences between OAG and NDDG (p ≥ 0.063). The comparison between the three types of neurodevelopmental disorders included revealed the presence of a significantly lower amplitude of accommodation in children with DCD compared with dyslexics. Furthermore, less exophoria at near was present in children with dyslexia compared with children with ADHD (p = 0.018) and DCD (p = 0.054). In conclusion, children with dyslexia, ADHD and DCD show an altered oculomotor pattern and a more reduced amplitude of accommodation, not always compatible with the diagnostic criteria of an accommodative insufficiency. Accommodative and binocular vision problems are not always present in these children and cannot be considered an etiologic factor.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Visual and Oculomotor Alterations in a Clinical Population of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Bilbao

Piñero

2021

Brain Sciences

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“…Distinguishing random dot-based graphs may be more difficult than that of contour-based graphs. However, this hypothesis was not supported by several studies [ 14 , 15 ]. The smaller dot size TNO adopted may affect the test result.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Evaluating the Mechanism by Which the TNO Stereo Test Overestimates Stereo Thresholds

Meng

2021

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Several studies have revealed that results of the TNO stereo test may overestimate the stereoacuity value (the less the better) compared with other testing measurements. The manner in which vision is divided among two eyes of a person wearing anaglyph glasses may play an important role. This study aimed to examine the effect of anaglyph glasses on stereopsis measurements. A stereopsis measurement system using a phoropter and two Sony smartphones was established. Four types of test patterns, including the original TNO stereo test pictures, isoluminant red-green pictures, grayscale pictures, and black and white dots pictures, were designed. A total of 32 participants were recruited for this study. A significant difference was found among the four groups (Friedman test, chi-square = 50.985, P < 0.001 ). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to detect differences between the groups. The stereoacuity of the original TNO group was significantly worse than those of the isoluminant, grayscale, and black-white groups. However, no significant difference was found between the isoluminant and grayscale groups. The correlation coefficient between the original TNO and isoluminant groups was 0.952 (Spearman’s rho, P < 0.001 ; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.901–0.988), while that between the original and grayscale groups was 0.771 (Spearman’s rho, P < 0.001 ; 95% CI, 0.550–0.916). Anaglyph glasses played an important role in determining the stereoacuity values with the TNO stereo test, and the results were overestimated when compared with that of the other testing methods. The imbalance of chroma and luminance between the two eyes caused by the anaglyph glasses was indicated as one of the reasons for the overestimation of stereo thresholds.

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“…Frisby test of stereopsis presents real depth to the subject in the form of different plate thicknesses, while the Titmus test uses black, contoured stimuli, with Polaroid glasses to separate the stimuli presented to each eye. Variation in stereoacuity thresholds has been observed in individual subjects between stereo tests in past [ 12 ], but recently it has been found that the stereoacuity is stable regardless of the test graphs used (contour-based or random-dot based) or the test distance (far or near) in a population with normal stereopsis [ 13 ]. Comparable findings were seen in between the test with slight overestimation of threshold with Frisby compared to Titmus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of depth perception and association of severity in Glaucoma patients and suspects

2021

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Background To evaluate depth perception in Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), glaucoma suspects compared to controls and to determine the association between depth perception and severity of glaucoma. Methods This was a hospital based, comparative, cross-sectional study. The ethical clearance was taken from institutional review committee of Institute of Medicine [Reference no.399 (6–11) E2 077-078]. Agematched, equal number of participants in each group (N=20) were evaluated with both Titmus and Frisby stereoacuity tests to measure depth perception as stereopsis threshold in seconds of arc. The participants were selected using the purposive sampling technique. Results There was no differences in age, sex, or best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness (CCT), found among the three groups (POAG, Glaucoma Suspects and Control) respectively. However, there was significant difference in cup disc ratio (CDR) between the groups. Equal number of male and female were there in each group, while in POAG group male to female ratio was 3:2. The mean stereoacuity threshold in control group was 53.5±23.23 seconds of arc with Titmus test and 38.75±18.83 seconds of arc with Frisby stereoacuity test. The difference in threshold was significant between control and glaucoma suspect with Titmus (t=1.991, p=0.05) and with Frisby (t=2.114, p=0.04). The difference was also significant in POAG group by Titmus (t=3.135, p=0.0033) and by Frisby (t=3.014, p=0.004). More so, with increasing severity of glaucoma, the mean threshold of stereopsis increased as seen with both Titmus and Frisby Tests (ANOVA, p < 0.001) Conclusion Primary open angle glaucoma patients and glaucoma suspects, showed significant reduction in depth perception. Decreased stereoacuity was associated with greater glaucomatous visual field loss.

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The difference in stereoacuity testing: contour-based and random dot-based graphs at far and near distances

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

Distribution of Visual and Oculomotor Alterations in a Clinical Population of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Distribution of Visual and Oculomotor Alterations in a Clinical Population of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Evaluating the Mechanism by Which the TNO Stereo Test Overestimates Stereo Thresholds

Evaluation of depth perception and association of severity in Glaucoma patients and suspects

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