The development of the LC–MS/MS method based on S-9 biotransformation for detection of metabolites of selected β-adrenolytics in surface water

Determination of selected cardiovascular active compounds in environmental aquatic samples – Methods and results, a review of global publications from the last 10 years

“…Among in vitro methods of metabolites generation whole cell systems (intact perfused liver, human hepatocytes cultures, hepatic and transfected cell lines) and also enzyme preparations (liver microsomes, cytosolic and S9 fractions) are used. As an example of in vitro method we can cite the publication Stankiewicz et al, where the authors positively developed the method for the detection of metabolites of selected beta-blockers: metoprolol, bisoprolol and propranolol (Stankiewicz et al, 2015). The standards of these metabolites were obtained by the incubation of parent compounds with S9 rat's liver fraction.…”

“…The authors used the incubation of previously cryopreserved hepatocytes of 5 different species (including humans) to obtain propranolol's metabolites. The second example is the publication of Stankiewicz et al where the authors were looking at metabolites of three selected beta-blockers in The Vistula River, obtained by the incubation of parent compounds with S9 rat's liver fraction (Stankiewicz et al, 2015).…”

Time study on the uptake of four different beta-blockers in garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as a model plant

“…For the investigations on the metabolization of the four beta-blockers, literature was checked for possible phase I metabolites, sometimes also called transformation products (TPs). Focusing on metabolization in mammals, primarily products resulting from oxidation, hydroxylation, and dealkylation were found—this is subsequently mirrored in the aquatic environment where, following excretion, these substances are transported (Iancu et al 2019 ; Stankiewicz et al 2015 ). In the case of ATE and MET, Koba et al ( 2016 ) (tentatively) identified the following TPs in soil: ATE acid (C 14 H 21 NO 4 ), A1 (C 13 H 19 NO 4 ), A2 (C 11 H 15 NO 4 ), and MET acid (C 14 H 21 NO 4 ).…”

Rapid in-plate screening of biotransformation products in single zebrafish embryos

“…[6][7][8][9] While as little as $16% of orally administered PPL is excreted unchanged, few studies have measured PPL bioTPs in the aquatic environment and only a single study has attempted identication of PPL bioTPs in sh. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In that work, 5 bioTPs were identied, but structures remained tentative due to a lack of high resolution data or authentic standards. Further investigations into the formation and occurrence of PPL bioTPs are clearly important because PPL and mixtures of PPL bioTPs (produced through S9 incubation) have previously been shown to have similar biological effects.…”