The Development of the Cystoscope

Reuter, M.; Reuter, H. J.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)63691-7

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The gradual evolution toward the modern endoscopes started with Philipp Bozzinis construction of the lichtleiter in 1806 for direct inspection and treatment of the uterus and bladder. [1] Since then, significant development and advancements have been made in the field of endo-urology. With continued refinements, a wide range of rigid, semi-rigid, and flexible endoscopes made available, and at the present time, they made up the bulk of our urologic surgical practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic prophylaxis for transurethral urological surgeries: Systematic review

Alsaywid¹,

Smith²

2013

Urol Ann

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The use of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent urinary tract infection and bacteremia (sepsis) following endoscopic urologic procedures is a controversial topic. Evidence in the literature revealed that urological instrumentation is associated with increased incidence of urinary tract infection and bacteremia. The aim of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing the risk of urinary tract infection in patients who had transurethral urological surgeries. We have selected all RCTs of adult population who underwent all different types of transurethral urological surgery, including cystoscopy, transurethral resection of prostate and transurethral resection of bladder tumor, and received prophylactic antibiotics or placebo/no treatment. At first, more than 3000 references were identified and reviewed; of which 42 studies with a total of 7496 patients were included in the final analysis. All those trials were analyzing antibiotic prophylaxis versus placebo/no treatment, and they were significantly favoring antibiotic use in reducing all outcomes, including bacteriuria (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.46, P < 0.0001) with moderate heterogeneity detected (I2 48%), symptomatic UTI (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.51, P < 0.0001) with no significant heterogeneity was detected (I2= 17%), bacteremia (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.82, P < 0.0001) with no noted heterogeneity (I2 = 0%), and fever ≥38.5 Celsius (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.73, P = 0.003); also, there was no noted heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). However, using antibiotic prophylaxis did not reduce the incidence of low grade temperature (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.11, P = 0.20) or in moderate grade temperature (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.48, P = 0.89). Antibiotic prophylaxis appears to be an effective intervention in preventing urinary tract infections and its sequels following transurethral urological surgeries in patients with preoperative sterile urine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic prophylaxis for transurethral urological surgeries: Systematic review

Alsaywid¹,

Smith²

2013

Urol Ann

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“…Regardless of the controversy, Kelly undeniably made his own unique contributions, notably the discovery that if the distal end of a urethral catheter was coated with wax and then passed, the presence of urethral calculi could be detected by scratches in the wax [14]. In 1885 he introduced a method of extracting ureteric calculi from within the lumen of a ureteric catheter [15]. Pawlik is credited with being one of the first to catheterize a female ureter, and shortly thereafter Hopkins’ James Brown became the first to catheterize the male ureter [14].…”

Section: Endoscopic Surgical Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Around the turn of the 20th century Kolischer of Chicago devised a method of treating calculi by passing a catheter tip beyond the stone and injecting oil to facilitate passage [15]. In 1889 Brenner of Austria added a canal to the base of the cystoscope to exchange fluid during examination, which became used for introducing ureteric catheters [7].…”

Section: Endoscopic Surgical Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one noteworthy case, a close friend of Dr Bransford Lewis was rendered unconscious for days after such an episode [9]. In 1910 Edwin Beer of New York began using electrosurgery for tumours of the bladder, using currents that were compatible with fluid distension, and which became the standard treatment for bladder tumours [4,5,15].…”

Section: Endoscopic Surgical Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two centuries of cystoscopy: the development of imaging, instrumentation and synergistic technologies

Samplaski

Jones

2008

BJU International

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The cystoscope used today is the product of centuries of development. The desire to view the cavities of the body was first described several centuries ago. The earliest true prototype was Bozinni’s 1805 urethral viewing tube, on which many others were based. These primitive instruments were challenging to use for the operator, uncomfortable for the patient, and dangerous for both. Patient positioning was based on the method of bladder distension and the goal of the operation, rather than comfort. Images visualized by early models were inverted and backwards, and required the operator to be skilled in correcting this image. Reflected candlelight was used for illumination, and objects appeared small and distant. With the advent of lenses, prisms and the incandescent light, cystoscopy advanced to Nitze’s prototype, a forerunner of the current cystoscope. Once the image quality was improved, instrumentation through the cystoscope was introduced, broadening the scope of urology, from the management of venereal disease to a premier surgical speciality. Finally, the invention of fibre optics and digital imaging provided the cystoscope used by urologists worldwide, giving unparalleled image quality, allowing for educational opportunities and a quality of patient care unimaginable to the early pioneers. An understanding of this past brings not only an appreciation of the technology currently available, but also a glimpse into what the cystoscope has the potential to become. From this past, it is clear that today’s cystoscope is merely a forerunner of that which the future will bring.

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“…In diesem Jahr stellte der Dresdener Arzt Maximilian Nitze seinen zusammen mit dem Wiener Instrumentenerzeuger Josef Leiter konstruierten "Blasenspiegel" -das Zystoskop -in Wien vor [1]. An diesen Anlass erinnert das Nitze-Leiter-Endoskopiemuseum im Institut für Geschichte der Medizin in Wien.…”

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Endoskopie in der Urologie

Janetschek

2003

Wien Klin Wochenschr

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The Development of the Cystoscope

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

Antibiotic prophylaxis for transurethral urological surgeries: Systematic review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for transurethral urological surgeries: Systematic review

Two centuries of cystoscopy: the development of imaging, instrumentation and synergistic technologies

Endoskopie in der Urologie

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