The development of speed discrimination abilities

Manning, Catherine; Aagten-Murphy, David; Pellicano, Liz

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2012.08.004

Cited by 43 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Our findings agree with the view of Ellemberg and colleagues (Ellemberg et al 2004), who observed larger immaturity for slower velocities (1.5 deg/s) than for faster velocities (6 or 9 deg/s). Several authors also showed that dorsal stream vulnerability affects global motion perception in subjects with developmental disorders, as well as weak readers in typical stages of development (Braddick, Atkinson, and Wattam-Bell 2003;Manning, Agten-Murphy, and Pellicano 2012;Milne et al 2002;Pellicano et al 2005;Chen et al 2003;Palomares and Shannon 2013;Cornelissen et al 1998b). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other authors (Parrish et al 2005;Hayward et al 2011) demonstrated that developmental trajectories of visual motion processing exhibit saturation after 6-7 years of age. It is widely accepted that inherent limits to the integration of neuronal responses in motion sensitive areas can influence the late development of velocity processing abilities in early childhood (Manning, Agten-Murphy, and Pellicano 2012). Laycock and colleagues (Laycock et al 2006) found that a manifestation of this phenomenon in the magno-dominated dorsal stream-especially area MT/V5-is responsible for motion sensitivity and the functional integrity of motion perception.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We designed a coherent motion detection task combining features described previously by several authors (Manning, Agten-Murphy, and Pellicano 2012;Cornelissen et al 1998b;van Boxtel and Erkelens 2006;Khuu and Badcock 2002). The experiment stimuli consisted of 100 black dots divided into two groups: a group of dots that constituted the coherent signal, and an additional group of dots that constituted the noise or background.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Coherent Motion Detection Thresholdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coherent motion detection thresholds are higher for weak readers, and 25 % of readers with poor coherent motion detection also have difficulties with reading skills appropriate to their respective age groups (Witton, Talcott, Hansen, Richardson, Griffiths, Rees et al 1998;Talcott, Hansen, and Stein 1998). Significant differences in coherent motion perception thresholds exist between children in typical stages of development and children with varying disorders, including autism and schizophrenia (Manning, Agten-Murphy, and Pellicano 2012;Milne, Swettenham, Hansen, Campbell, Jeffries, and Plaisted 2002;Pellicano, Gibson, Maybery, Durkin, and Badcock 2005;Chen, Nakayama, Levy, Matthysse, and Holzman 2003;Palomares and Shannon 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Reading and coherent motion perception in school age children

et al. 2015

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This study includes an evaluation, according to age, of the reading and global motion perception developmental trajectories of 2027 school age children in typical stages of development. Reading is assessed using the reading rate score test, for which all of the student participants, regardless of age, received the same passage of text of a medium difficulty reading level. The coherent motion perception threshold is determined according to the adaptive psychophysical protocol based on a four-alternative, forced-choice procedure. Three different dot velocities: 2, 5, and 8 deg/s were used for both assemblies of coherent or randomly moving dots. Reading rate score test results exhibit a wide dispersion across all age groups, so much so that the outlier data overlap, for both the 8 and 18-year-old student-participant age groups. Latvian children's reading fluency developmental trajectories reach maturation at 12-13 years of age. After the age of 13, reading rate scores increase slowly; however, the linear regression slope is different from zero and positive: F(1, 827) = 45.3; p < 0.0001. One hundred eighty-one student-participants having results below the 10th percentile were classified as weak readers in our study group. The reading fluency developmental trajectory of this particular group of student-participants does not exhibit any statistically significant saturation until the age of 18 years old. Coherent motion detection thresholds decrease with age and do not reach saturation. Tests with slower moving dots (2 deg/s) yield results that exhibit significant differences between strong and weak readers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evaluation Of Coherent Motion Detection Thresholdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reading and coherent motion perception in school age children

et al. 2015

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“…In addition to exhibiting tactile, somatosensory, and auditory sensitivities, individuals with ASD often show abnormalities in visual integration and global motion processing [33–36]. Based on these and similar findings, a “dorsal stream vulnerability” hypothesis has been proposed, wherein the late-maturing neural systems that underlie motion perception (dorsal stream) are more susceptible to early genetic or environmental effects than earlier maturing neural systems that underlie form perception (ventral stream) [37–39]. The finding that a lack of Cntnap2 results in decreased visually evoked activity specifically in dorsal stream-associated visual areas in response to moving gratings is in line with this hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype- and sex-dependent effects of altered Cntnap2 expression on the function of visual cortical areas

Townsend

Smith

2017

J Neurodevelop Disord

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BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heritable, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that is four times more likely to affect males than females. Despite this overt sex bias, it is unclear how genetic mutations associated with ASD alter cortical circuitry to produce the behavioral phenotypes by which ASD is diagnosed. Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) is an ASD-associated gene, and while Cntnap2 knockout (KO) mice recapitulate many of the features of ASD, the effect on cortical circuitry is poorly understood. Moreover, although heterozygous (Het) mice are the more relevant genotype for ASD-linked CNTNAP2 mutations in humans, to our knowledge, no effects in Het mice have been previously reported.MethodsIntrinsic signal optical imaging was used to measure functional visual responses in primary and higher visual cortical areas in male and female Cntnap2 KO, Het, and wild-type (WT) mice. Main effect of genotype was assessed with one-way ANOVA. Visual responses were also measured in P17–18 and P30–32 KO and WT mice. Main effects of age and genotype were assessed using two-way ANOVA.ResultsVisually evoked activity in dorsal stream associated higher visual areas in both KO and Het adult males was decreased relative to WT adult males. This decrease was not observed in adult females. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between WT and KO males at P17–18 with differences beginning to emerge at P30–32.ConclusionsThe functional responses of cortical circuitry in male mice are more strongly affected by Cntnap2 mutations than females, an effect present even in Hets. The observed differences in males emerge with development beginning at P30–32. These results reveal genotype- and sex-dependent effects of altered Cntnap2 expression and can shed light on the sex-dependent incidence of ASD.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s11689-016-9182-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Processing Slow and Fast Motion in Children With Autism Spectrum Conditions

2013

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Consistent with the dorsal stream hypothesis, difficulties processing dynamic information have previously been reported in individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). However, no research has systematically compared motion processing abilities for slow and fast speeds. Here, we measured speed discrimination thresholds and motion coherence thresholds in slow (1.5 deg/sec) and fast (6 deg/sec) speed conditions in children with an ASC aged 7 to 14 years, and age- and ability-matched typically developing children. Unexpectedly, children with ASC were as sensitive as typically developing children to differences in speed at both slow and fast reference speeds. Yet, elevated motion coherence thresholds were found in children with ASC, but in the slow stimulus speed condition only. Rather than having pervasive difficulties in motion processing, as predicted by the dorsal stream hypothesis, these results suggest that children with ASC have a selective difficulty in extracting coherent motion information specifically at slow speeds. Understanding the effects of stimulus parameters such as stimulus speed will be important for resolving discrepancies between previous studies examining motion coherence thresholds in ASC and also for refining theoretical models of altered autistic perception.

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The development of speed discrimination abilities

Cited by 43 publications

References 51 publications

Reading and coherent motion perception in school age children

Reading and coherent motion perception in school age children

Genotype- and sex-dependent effects of altered Cntnap2 expression on the function of visual cortical areas

Processing Slow and Fast Motion in Children With Autism Spectrum Conditions

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