“…Relations have been found between reading motivation and achievement, especially during the elementary school years (De Naeghel & Van Keer, 2012;Guay, Marsh, & Boivin, 2003;Guthrie et al, 2007;Kirby, Ball, Geier, Parrila, & Wade-Wooley, 2011;Onatsu-Arvilommi & Nurmi, 2000). Kirby et al (2011) found that reading interest had weak and inconsistent effects on reading ability in first through third grades, accounting for, at most, 4% of unique variance in reading ability after controlling for SES, cognition, phonological awareness, and naming speed.…”