The Development of Multi-scale Data Management for CityGML-based 3D Buildings

Abstract

The CityGML model is now the norm for smart city or digital twin city development for better planning, management, risk-related modelling and other applications. CityGML comes with five levels of detail (LoD), mainly constructed from point cloud measurements and images of several systems, resulting in a variety of accuracies and detailed models. The LoDs, also known as pre-defined multi-scale models, require large storage-memory-graphic consumption compared to single scale models. Furthermore, these multi-scales have redundancy in geometries, attributes, are costly in terms of time and workload in updating tasks, and are difficult to view in a single viewer. It is essential for data owners to engage with a suitable multi-scale spatial management solution in minimizes the drawbacks of the current implementation. The proper construction, control and management of multi-scale models are needed to encourage and expedite data sharing among data owners, agencies, stakeholders and public users for efficient information retrieval and analyses. This paper discusses the construction of the CityGML model with different LoDs using several datasets. A scale unique ID is introduced to connect all respective LoDs for cross-LoD information queries within a single viewer. The paper also highlights the benefits of intermediate outputs and limitations of the proposed solution, as well as suggestions for the future.

Implications of Automated Height Extrusion and the Selection of Height Reference for LoD 1 SmartKADASTER City Model

“…LOD 0-4 of CityGML with its accuracy requirements [9]. This paper builds on previous publications [1,[10][11][12][13][14] on 3D geovisualisation in the SmartKADASTER Phase II environment. This paper aims to discuss the implications of automatically extruding the LoD1 height reference from the LoD0 height reference using only the classified ALS point cloud of a building.…”

Simulation-Based Engineering of Heterogeneous Collaborative Systems—A Novel Conceptual Framework

“…In [37], the authors elaborate on extending CityGML 3D building models with multi-scale data management features.…”