The development of interpersonal strategy: Autism, theory-of-mind, cooperation and fairness

Sally, David; Hill, Elisabeth L.

doi:10.1016/j.joep.2005.06.015

Cited by 207 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Although two studies reported that older children showed more cooperative behavior by contributing more to the public good (Fan, 2000;Sally & Hill, 2006), Cipriani, Giuliano, and Jeanne (2007) found that younger children contributed more than older ones. At the same time, other work has shown that although older children initially contribute more, they also decrease contributions toward freeriding more readily than younger children (Harbaugh & Krause, 2000).…”

Section: Age and Gender Differencesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…For example, the behavior of a child interacting with cooperative co-players is difficult to compare to the behavior of another child interacting with selfish co-players. Although some work with children has employed computergenerated co-players (Leipold, Vetter, Dittrich, LehmannWaffenschmidt, & Kliegel, 2013;McClure et al, 2007;Sally & Hill, 2006), these studies either implemented responsive algorithms that tethered the co-players' contributions to the previous decision of the subject (McClure et al, 2007;Sally & Hill, 2006) or divided subjects into different experimental groups, with each subgroup facing different strategies (Leipold et al, 2013). Thus, little or no work has used experimental designs in which each subject faced identical strategies of the other co-players.…”

Section: Age and Gender Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Pizzagame: A virtual public goods game to assess cooperative behavior in children and adolescents

et al. 2016

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Social dilemmas are characterized by conflicts between immediate self-interest and long-term collective goals. Although such conflicts lie at the heart of various challenging social interactions, we know little about how cooperation in these situations develops. To extend work on social dilemmas to child and adolescent samples, we developed an ageappropriate computer task (the Pizzagame) with the structural features of a public goods game (PGG). We administered the Pizzagame to a sample of 191 children 9 to 16 years of age. Subjects were led to believe they were playing the game over the Internet with three sets of two same-aged, same-sex coplayers. In fact, the co-players were computer-generated and programmed to expose children to three consecutive conditions: (1) a cooperative strategy, (2) a selfish strategy, and (3) divergent cooperative-selfish strategies. Supporting the validity of the Pizzagame, our results revealed that children and adolescents displayed conditional cooperation, such that their contributions rose with the increasing cooperativeness of their co-players. Age and gender did not influence children and adolescents' cooperative behavior within each condition.However, older children adapted their behavior more flexibly between conditions to parallel the strategies of their coplayers. These results support the utility of the Pizzagame as a feasible, reliable, and valid instrument for assessing and quantifying child and adolescent cooperative behavior. Moreover, these findings extend previous work showing that age influences cooperative behavior in the PGG.

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Section: Age and Gender Differencesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Age and Gender Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pizzagame: A virtual public goods game to assess cooperative behavior in children and adolescents

et al. 2016

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“…Autistic participants had a more difficult time shifting strategy in PDG and also were more likely to accept initial low UG offers (49), which demonstrated shortfalls in the ability to reason successfully in real social interactions.…”

Section: Current Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Decision-Making: Insights from Game Theory and Neuroscience

Sanfey

2007

Science

539

377

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problem-solving. However, we suggest that the FPC function is restricted to the processing of simple cognitive branching, whereby only a single task can be maintained in a pending state at any one time. This hypothesis places severe serial and recursive constraints on human reasoning, problem-solving, and complex decisionmaking. Consistent with this view, it appears unlikely that the human brain has evolved to solve complex problems such as deciding the next move in a game of chess. Selective pressure to survive in a physically challenging environment may place other demands before the need for such higher cognitive faculties. Nevertheless, a capacity-limited FPC function may have endowed humans with two key adaptive advantages: on the one hand, an ability to pursue long-term behavioral plans and at the same time respond to demands of the physical or social environments; on the other hand, to explore any potential gain from the interposition of new task sets within ongoing behavioral routines or from the contingent recombination of previously established behavioral plans, as in genetic recombination mechanisms. Thus, the frontopolar cortex may have played an even more critical role in the gradual formation of complex behavioral and cognitive routines such as tool use in individuals and societies, that is, in human creativity rather than complex decision-making and reasoning. By combining the models and tasks of Game Theory with modern psychological and neuroscientific methods, the neuroeconomic approach to the study of social decision-making has the potential to extend our knowledge of brain mechanisms involved in social decisions and to advance theoretical models of how we make decisions in a rich, interactive environment. Research has already begun to illustrate how social exchange can act directly on the brain's reward system, how affective factors play an important role in bargaining and competitive games, and how the ability to assess another's intentions is related to strategic play. These findings provide a fruitful starting point for improved models of social decision-making, informed by the formal mathematical approach of economics and constrained by known neural mechanisms.

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“…Such strategies are highly adaptive in certain contexts. For example, research with individuals with ASD has demonstrated that when the social context lends itself to systemizing, the performance of individuals with ASD equals that of healthy comparison participants (Sally & Hill, 2006). However, these strategies have boundaries on their usefulness, as interpersonal interaction is limited in its predictability.…”

Section: A Social Model Of Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorders: Guided investigation of social cognitive endophenotypes.

Zucker¹,

Losh²,

Bulik³

et al. 2007

Psychological Bulletin

249

211

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Death by suicide occurs in a disproportionate percentage of individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), with a standardized mortality ratio indicating a 57-fold greater risk of death from suicide relative to an age-matched cohort. Longitudinal studies indicate impaired social functioning increases risk for fatal outcomes, while social impairment persists following recovery. Study of social cognition in AN may elucidate impaired processes that may influence therapeutic efficacy. Symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are overrepresented in those who evidence a chronic course. Relative to that in AN, social information processing in ASD is well characterized and may inform systematic study in AN. This article (a) reviews impaired interpersonal processes in AN, (b) compares the phenotype of AN with that of ASD, (c) highlights deficits of social cognitive disturbance in ASD relative to AN, and (d) proposes a new framework to understand the interaction of individuals with AN with their social context.Keywords: anorexia nervosa, social cognition, autism, interpersonal functioning, eating disorders Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) have a nearly 12-fold greater risk of death from all causes and a 57-fold greater risk of death from suicide relative to their age-matched peers (Keel et al., 2003). Such troubling statistics speak to the incapacitating, perplexing, and isolating nature of AN, a severe psychiatric illness that negatively impacts the biological, emotional, and psychosocial functioning of both the affected individual and her or his family (Harris & Barraclough, 1998;Treasure, Whitaker, Whitney, & Schmidt, 2005). In fact, AN exacts a toll on the family reported to exceed that experienced by families with a child with a severe psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia . Although guiding epidemiologic data are currently lacking, there has been increasing concern regarding several notable trends: (a) an upsurge of AN in both younger and older ages than has been previously reported Johnson, Cohen, Kasen, & Brook, 2006;Marcus & Kalarchian, 2003), (b) increased incidence in minority groups hitherto thought protected (Decaluwe, Braet, & Fairburn, 2003;Tanofsky-Kraff et al., 2003), and (c) recent published reports of extensive illness burden among family members Treasure, Whitaker, Whitney, & Schmidt, 2005;Whitney & Eisler, 2005). Such patterns highlight the broad impact of these illnesses and underscore the urgency of alternative approaches to illness management.While advances have been made in the treatment of adolescents with a relatively short duration of illness (Lock & le Grange, 2005), progress in the treatment of adults with AN remains limited, at best (W. S. Agras et al., 2004;Kaplan, 2002). Of note, a report issued by the National Institute of Mental Health (W. S. Agras et al., 2004) emphasized the absence of innovative treatment approaches over the past several decades. This conclusion was recently echoed in an evidence-based review calling for novel intervention strategies that target core biological...

show abstract

The development of interpersonal strategy: Autism, theory-of-mind, cooperation and fairness

Cited by 207 publications

References 47 publications

The Pizzagame: A virtual public goods game to assess cooperative behavior in children and adolescents

The Pizzagame: A virtual public goods game to assess cooperative behavior in children and adolescents

Social Decision-Making: Insights from Game Theory and Neuroscience

Anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorders: Guided investigation of social cognitive endophenotypes.

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