The Development of a Commercial Bulk Test on Cored Wool Samples

Luijk, C. J. van

doi:10.1080/00405008708631821

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The positive interaction between the two process factors means that greater steam pressure enhances the bulking effect at the higher crimper pressure. A contour plot of Equation 11 with the background held at CCP = CSP = 0 visually supports these observations in Figure 12. In summary, texturing variation can cause bulk level differences that, in turn, can produce optical streaks in saxony cut-pile carpets.…”

Section: Relationships With Texturing Processsupporting

confidence: 77%

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Goniophotometric Assessment of Bulk-Related "Optical" Carpet Streaks in Finished Nylon Carpets

Miller

Guelpa

Southern

et al. 1994

Textile Research Journal

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Further work on bulk-related "optical" carpet streaks is reported here, focusing on their instrumental characterization. Texturing process conditions have been adjusted to create bulk variation in both commercial staple and bulk-continuous-filament (BCF) products. For the staple items, bulk is characterized in the fiber, in the pre-and postheatset yarns, and in the carpet tuft itself. Both the staple fiber and heat-set yam methods are new. Yarns from both carpet manufacturing processes have been implanted as tuftlines into multiple carpet backgrounds, each background made with different levels of bulk. Sixty such staple and 144 BCF implants, most obvious streaks because of their bulk differences, have been evaluated by graders for intensity and shade; these grades correlate well with those ranked instrumentally ( R 2 = 0.91 and 0.94, respectively) and, for the staple products, with various measures of bulk ( R 2 from 0.78 to 0.95).Goniophotometry has also been used to ascribe the unique optical effect commonly seen in bulk-related streaks, that of changing shade with view direction, to the carpet's surface filament configuration.Streaks in cut-pile saxony carpets can cause uniformity problems that significantly impact quality and manufacturing yields. Commercially, one important problem is bulk variation between tuftlines: light falling on a streak tuftline scatters differently from that falling on the general background. This phenomenon is the same one responsible for the grass-cutting patterns you see in a televised baseball game. There, the blades of grass in adjacent, mowed rows orient in opposite directions with the change in mower direction, and the resultant difference in light scattering behavior causes a striped pattern. Another common example is the shade dependence on a carpet's pile lay: a carpet appears darker when the lay of the pile faces the viewer.As Figure 1 shows, when bulk variations are made different enough-here in velour fabric, but also in cut-pile saxony carpets (see Figure 1 of reference 14 )-a similar phenomenon occurs. LeGault [9, 10 described a variety of causes that can produce these nondye-on-fiber streaks, known collectively in the carpet industry as &dquo;optical&dquo; streaks. Here, we will limit our discussion to those &dquo;optical&dquo; streaks related to bulk.The bulk-related streak differs from a streak caused by dye-on-fiber differences in one fundamental way. Its intensity and shade both depend on how you view the streak: a low-bulk tuftline appears dark when viewed in the &dquo;against-pile&dquo; direction, but frequendy appears light when viewed from the opposite &dquo;withpile&dquo; direction. By contrast, Baxley and Miller [2] ] and Gibson et al. [ 4 ] have created actual dye-on-fiber streaks by varying heat-set conditions. Figure 2 of ref-FIGURE 1. A velour acrylic fabric viewed against the pile,showing several bulk-related optical streaks.

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Section: Relationships With Texturing Processsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…After 30 seconds, the compressed width was read to the nearest 0.1 mm: the greater the level of fiber bulk ( crimp ), the greater its resistance to compression, and the greater its occupied volume, the lower the cylinder density. This sort of measure is useful for characterizing bulk in wool samples [ 11 ]]. …”

Section: Goniophotometry (Gonio)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Goniophotometric Assessment of Bulk-Related "Optical" Carpet Streaks in Finished Nylon Carpets

Miller

Guelpa

Southern

et al. 1994

Textile Research Journal

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“…Both of these terms relate to the single fiber crimp structure in a fibrous mass and its response to compression [ 49 ] . The WRONZ Bulkometer measures bulk by estimating the specific volume (cm;/g) of a 10 g sample of loose fibers at a fixed pressure, e.g., 10 gf/CM2 (0.98 kPa) [ 53 ] . In 1993/94, WRONZ developed the Autobulkometer, which uses 2.5 g samples.…”

Section: The Tactile Appraisal Of Loose Wool Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Properties and Processing of Fine Merino Lamb's Wool

Madeley

Postle

Mahar

1998

Textile Research Journal

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Literature pertinent to fiber properties and handle of fine Merino lamb's and fleece wool is critically discussed. The softness of handle of fine Merino wool varies inversely with loose fiber resistance to compression. This complex raw wool parameter has geometric and mechanical attributes. Fiber bending and torsional rigidity are important mechanical factors that depend on mean fiber diameter, cross-sectional shape, and Young's modulus. Crimp frequency, amplitude, and form are equally important geometric factors. Those characteristics that distinguish lamb's and adult wool and appear to account for the relative softness of hand of lamb's compared with fleece wool are presented in Part II. ,

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