The development and validation of the ethical climate index for graduate and professional school programs

Hospital Nurses' Perceptions of the Ethical Climate of Their Work Setting

“…Organizations have many types of climates (Schneider, 1990). Depending on the strategic focus-one can assess, for example, an organization's service climate (Schneider, 1990), safety climate (Zohar, 1980), or ethical climate (Schulte et al, 1991;Victor & Cullen, 1987, 1988). An organization's ethical climate can be assessed by measuring employee perceptions of organizational practices that reflect (a) how decisions having ethical content are solved, or (b) the presence of organizational conditions that allow employees to engage in ethical reflection, or both (Brown, 1990).…”

“…Ethical climate is one type of organizational climate. The importance of creating an ethical climate has been described in the nursing literature (Christensen, 1988;Davis, 1983;Levine-Ariff & Groh, 1990), in business literature (Fleming, 1987;Kram, Yeager, & Reed, 1989;Nystrom, 1990;Petrick, Wagley, 6r Von der Embse, 1991;Sims & Kroeck, 1994;Wimbush & Shepard, 1994), and in analysis] * * educational literature (Schulte, Brown, &Wise, 1991). Instruments to measure ethical climate have been developed and used in research in business and industrial settings (Cullen, Victor, & Stephens, 1989;Victor & Cullen, 1987, 1988, in education (Nolan, 1992;Schulte et a]., 1991), and in various service organizations .…”

“…The importance of creating an ethical climate has been described in the nursing literature (Christensen, 1988;Davis, 1983;Levine-Ariff & Groh, 1990), in business literature (Fleming, 1987;Kram, Yeager, & Reed, 1989;Nystrom, 1990;Petrick, Wagley, 6r Von der Embse, 1991;Sims & Kroeck, 1994;Wimbush & Shepard, 1994), and in analysis] * * educational literature (Schulte, Brown, &Wise, 1991). Instruments to measure ethical climate have been developed and used in research in business and industrial settings (Cullen, Victor, & Stephens, 1989;Victor & Cullen, 1987, 1988, in education (Nolan, 1992;Schulte et a]., 1991), and in various service organizations . Several researchers have used modified versions of organizational climate instruments to study nurses and health care organizations (Branum, 1990;Chiriboga & Bailey, 1986;Duxbury, Henly, & Armstrong, 1982;Gillies, Franklin, & Child, 1990;Wallace, Ivancevich, & Lyon, 1975).…”

The Relationship between Ethical Climate and Trust and Motivation Levels of Teachers and Students

“…Ethical climate is important in a school organization because it affects the operation of a school and shapes school activities (Schulte et al, 2002). If teachers and students perceive positively ethical climate in a school organization, they can develop positive attitudes towards each other, such as to trust each other and to work with a higher motivation level together.…”

“…According to Victor and Cullen (1988) the ethical climate in an organization is defined as "the shared perceptions of what ethically correct behaviors are and how ethical situations should be handled". For the purpose of this study, ethical climate can be defined as perceptions about school organizational activities that have ethical content or constitute ethical behavior, based upon the application of ethical principles in relations and interactions of students and teachers (Schulte et al, 2002).…”