“…In the last 15 years, this work and related JOURNAL TITLE frameworks such as Learning by Design (Kalantzis, Cope, and the Learning by Design Project Group 2005; Kalantzis et al 2016) have percolated into second language (L2) instruction (Elola and Oskoz 2017;Paesani and Menke 2023;Zapata 2022), providing learners with opportunities to both interact with authentic, multimodal L2 texts and produce artifacts in which the L2 is combined with other modes of communication (e.g., visual, auditory, gestural, etc.). Often, these student-created products entail the use of digital tools, and thus, this practice has been defined as digital multimodal composing (DMC; Zhang and Yu 2023b).…”