The determination of zinc oxide in rubber vulcanizates by x-ray diffraction

Laning, Stephen H.; Wagner, M. P.; Sellers, John W.

doi:10.1002/app.1959.070020517

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Kosmalska et al also investigated the adsorption of DPG, ZnO, and sulfur on the silica surface and reported that the bonding of DPG/ZnO and ZnO to silica causes a reduction of surface energy of silica from 66 to 28.75 mN · m −1 and 35.49 mN · m −1 , respectively. The similar effect of ZnO on the surface tension of silica was also found by Laning et al The presence of adsorbed additives reduces the hydrophilicity of silica surface and the interaction between the filler particles within agglomerates by reducing the physical attraction rather than by any chemical reaction . According to Equation the increment of rubber–filler interaction leads to a higher value of cos θ and thus higher wetting speed of rubbers.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…It is clear to observe that addition of curing additives accelerates the wetting speed of all rubbers investigated as seen exemplarily in Figure b for SLR‐4602. The adsorption of curing additives like stearic acid, ZnO and CBS on the surface of silica makes it more hydrophobic . The use of stearic acid as a modifier for silica and other fillers like CaCO 3 and Mg(OH) 2 was reported in ref.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selective Wetting and Localization of Silica in Binary and Ternary Blends Based on Styrene Butadiene Rubber, Butadiene Rubber, and Natural Rubber

Keller

Hristov

et al. 2012

Macro Materials & Eng

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In the present work, the wetting concept was further developed for explanation of the kinetics of silica localization in binary and ternary rubber blends in the first mixing period. In the second mixing period when the wetting process is finished, a re‐localization process of silica within the blend phases takes place until an equilibrium state is reached. Material effects and mixing conditions on the silica localization were systematically characterized. A comparison between the kinetics of filler localization experimentally determined by the wetting concept, and the filler localization at an equilibrium theoretically predicted by our Z‐model, provides a deeper insight into the filler transfer process taking place during the mixing process.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Wetting and Localization of Silica in Binary and Ternary Blends Based on Styrene Butadiene Rubber, Butadiene Rubber, and Natural Rubber

Keller

Hristov

et al. 2012

Macro Materials & Eng

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“…Studies of zinc oxide dispersion have used various methodologies. [19][20][21] The presence of enriched sublayers as seen here is consistent with the migration and blooming of various species in molded rubber articles. Blooming was also observed in the retrieved gaskets where surface patterns on the back side of the gaskets and deposited contaminants on the cover surface matched the compression patterns imposed by the connector.…”

Section: Sublayers Surface Features and Rubber Bloomingsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…These issues have lead to the use of zinc sticks to improve dispersion. Studies of zinc oxide dispersion have used various methodologies 19–21…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material morphology and electrical resistivity differences in EPDM rubbers

Domeier

Yang

2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Electrical resistance anomalies noted in EPDM gaskets have been attributed to zinc-enriched surface sublayers, about 10-lm thick, in the sulfur cured rubber material. Gasket over-compression provided the necessary connector pin contact and was also found to cause surprising morphological changes on the gasket surfaces. These included distributions of zinc oxide whiskers in high pressure gasket areas and cone-shaped features rich in zinc, oxygen, and sulfur primarily in low pressure protruding gasket areas. Such whiskers and cones were only found on the pin side of the gaskets in contact with a molded plastic surface and not on the back side in contact with an aluminum surface. The mechanisms by which such features are formed have not yet been defined.

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“…Second, we note that the main composition of fly ash is silica and during vulcanization, silica reacts with zinc oxide [1] [3] . The production of reaction between silica and zinc oxide is zinc sulfide (ZnS) [51] . We again note that, zinc oxide is used to react with stearic acid to produce the intermediate of the vulcanization.…”

Section: Adhesion Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of fly ash as eco-friendly filler in synthetic rubber for tire applications

Ren

Sancaktar

2019

Journal of Cleaner Production

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In this study, the relationship between an eco-friendly filler, fly ash, and the properties of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)-based compounds was investigated. Rubber compounds were produced by internal mixer and curing characteristics were evaluated. The total content of filler was constant and the content of fly ash increased from 0 to 10 phr. In the evaluation of the rubber compounds, the main focus was the mechanical properties and adhesion of the SBR compounds. Adhesion between these compounds and steel wire reinforcement was measured for assessing efficacy of adding fly ash to the rubber compounds in tire applications. There were two stages of this program: the first stage involved selecting the filler which could improve the mechanical properties (elongation at break, tensile strength, modulus at 100% strain and 2% strain level) of rubber compounds; the next stage involved combining precipitated silica with fly ash to improve the properties of rubber compounds. In order to gain better properties, ball mill treatment was used to change the morphology of the particles of fly ash by reduction to smaller size. The comparisons of untreated rubber compounds, ball mill treated rubber compounds, and rubber compounds containing different fillers were accomplished subsequently. In the result, the rubber compounds contained precipitated silica, carbon black and fly ash filler exhibited higher tensile strength, elongation at break, and adhesion and attributed to effective iv filler dispersion as well as the reinforcing effect of silica. These conclusions were supported by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and swelling tests.

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The determination of zinc oxide in rubber vulcanizates by x-ray diffraction

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Selective Wetting and Localization of Silica in Binary and Ternary Blends Based on Styrene Butadiene Rubber, Butadiene Rubber, and Natural Rubber

Selective Wetting and Localization of Silica in Binary and Ternary Blends Based on Styrene Butadiene Rubber, Butadiene Rubber, and Natural Rubber

Material morphology and electrical resistivity differences in EPDM rubbers

Use of fly ash as eco-friendly filler in synthetic rubber for tire applications

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