Use of fly ash as eco-friendly filler in synthetic rubber for tire applications

Abstract

In this study, the relationship between an eco-friendly filler, fly ash, and the properties of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)-based compounds was investigated. Rubber compounds were produced by internal mixer and curing characteristics were evaluated. The total content of filler was constant and the content of fly ash increased from 0 to 10 phr. In the evaluation of the rubber compounds, the main focus was the mechanical properties and adhesion of the SBR compounds. Adhesion between these compounds and steel wire reinforcement was measured for assessing efficacy of adding fly ash to the rubber compounds in tire applications. There were two stages of this program: the first stage involved selecting the filler which could improve the mechanical properties (elongation at break, tensile strength, modulus at 100% strain and 2% strain level) of rubber compounds; the next stage involved combining precipitated silica with fly ash to improve the properties of rubber compounds. In order to gain better properties, ball mill treatment was used to change the morphology of the particles of fly ash by reduction to smaller size. The comparisons of untreated rubber compounds, ball mill treated rubber compounds, and rubber compounds containing different fillers were accomplished subsequently. In the result, the rubber compounds contained precipitated silica, carbon black and fly ash filler exhibited higher tensile strength, elongation at break, and adhesion and attributed to effective iv filler dispersion as well as the reinforcing effect of silica. These conclusions were supported by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and swelling tests.

Giving a Second Opportunity to Tire Waste: An Alternative Path for the Development of Sustainable Self-Healing Styrene–Butadiene Rubber Compounds Overcoming the Magic Triangle of Tires

“…As for the wet grip, the addition of a higher amount of GTR also implies a higher amount of carbon black, forming agglomerates that reduce the flexibility needed at low temperatures. Ren et al [24] found similar behavior on SBR compounds filled with carbon black and fly ash. The results herein reported represent a novel and added value to the use of GTR as filler in SBR compounds, since it does not deteriorate the aforementioned requirements of fuel economy and driving safety relevant to the tire tread.…”

“…In the case of the filled compounds, a pre-mix of SBR, GTR, and TESPT was prepared in an internal mixer (Haake™ Rheomix 600, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham MA, USA) at 100 • C and a rotor speed of 100 rpm during 7 min. The pre-mixed material was incorporated with the rest of ingredients in the two-roll mill for further mixing and improving the processability of the rubber compound, following the mixing protocol previously described [24].…”

The influence of compaction and saturation on the compressibility of colliery waste

“…The fact that the fly ash is used is beneficial: production material costs are reduced, a lot of technical features of the produced materials are improved, and additionally, the amount of waste stored in landfills is reduced [28]. In this context, the fly ash from coal combustion seems like a valuable mineral resource for industry, although ashes from different suppliers have to meet certain requirements.…”

Effects of inorganic‐organic surface modification on the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(vinyl chloride) composites reinforced with fly‐ash

“…The main reason is that FA is formed by high‐temperature calcination and thus has high thermal stability, and the oxide additives such as SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 and MgO can act as thermal stabilizers to improve heat resistance. More importantly, the interfacial bonding between mFA and PVC matrix is enhanced through the incorporation of ETi 4 , [ 28,42 ] and ball‐milling makes it possible for OH‐FA to bond more ETi 4 molecules.…”

“…[21][22][23][24][25][26] Since FA is composed of versatile active oxides, it can also be used as a filler for PVC composites. It can not only improve the mechanical and thermal characteristics of polymer composites, [27,28] but also reduce the cost. However, there is only a limited number of hydroxyl groups on the surface of FA, which may cause poor compatibility between FA and PVC, and thus prevent the transfer of mechanical stress applied to the composite and consequently facilitate the rupture of composites.…”