The Design and Development of a Radio Frequency (RF) Watermarking Signature

Tyler, Stephen C.

doi:10.21236/ada439078

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…We chose the DCT primarily because it is a real transform and has a higher energy compaction compared to the DFT. The column-wise DCT can be performed by applying the 2D-DCT basis matrix , whose element is given by [15] ( 3) In (3), is a unitary matrix. To apply the DCT, is first multiplied by the DCT basis matrix.…”

Section: B Watermarking Sonar Waveformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Information Embedding in Sonar by Modifications of Time-Frequency Properties

Mobasseri

Lynch

2016

IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.

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In the crowded underwater acoustic channels, the ability to recognize sonar transmissions based on an identifying signature is quite valuable. In this work, we propose an algorithm to embed a watermark in the time-frequency coefficients of a sonar waveform and produce a watermarked sonar. The watermark, which is a digital signature, is used to authenticate the sonar by verifying the source that is broadcasting the waveform. The embedding rule is modeled after spread spectrum modulation and driven by two secure keys. The first key consists of the spreading code that is unique to each source. The second key is an embedding mask used to select and additively modify the selected time-frequency cells of the sonar. The mask is chosen based on the frequency response of the acoustic channel (primarily, its time and frequency coherence) and the signal energy distribution in the time-frequency plane. The detector is modeled after a matched filter receiver performing a replica correlation with the spread watermark passed through the channel model. A successful detection needs access to both the spreading code and the embedding mask. Watermark detection performance is extensively evaluated based on range; watermark energy; watermark placement; ambient noise; number of multipaths; and other ocean parameters, such as depth, surface, and bottom models.

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Section: B Watermarking Sonar Waveformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [3], the watermark is used to identify digital modulations, and the embedding is done by a pseudorandom timing offset to the quadrature channel. This timing jitter, as it is called, does not noticeably affect performance of the waveform and is not noticeable.…”

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confidence: 99%