The dependence of open field burning emissions and plume concentrations on meteorology, field conditions and ignition technique

Carroll, John J.; Miller, George E.; Thompson, James F.; Darley, Ellis F.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(77)90233-5

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Imperial County's smoke management plan states that the Air Pollution Control District may put in place additional restrictions based on meteorological and air quality conditions, including strong ground-level or gusty winds (Imperial County APCD 2010). We observed substantial drift at a slightly greater wind speed (5.6 mph, or 2.7 meters per second) than that previously suggested for a vertical column of smoke to occur (4.5 mph, or 2.0 meters per second) (Carroll et al 1977). Local Air Pollution Control Districts could reduce groundlevel drift by specifying a ground-level wind speed above which burns should not take place.…”

Section: Public Health Recommendationscontrasting

confidence: 49%

“…Although crop-specific particulate emission factors (grams particulate matter emitted/kilograms biomass burned) from burning bermudagrass stubble have not yet been developed, factors for other grasses, such as Kentucky bluegrass, are about twice those for rice and wheat (McCarthy 2011). The moisture level of burned residue can also significantly affect particulate matter emissions, with a change in moisture from 10% to 25% more than tripling particulate emissions during the burning of rice, wheat and barley straw (Carroll et al 1977).…”

Section: Information For the General Publicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Agricultural burning monitored for air pollutants in Imperial County; exposure reduction recommendations developed

Harnly¹,

Naik-Patel²,

Wall³

et al. 2012

Cal Ag

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Air pollutants, notably particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM 2.5 ), are emitted during agricultural burning. We studied a winter period in Imperial County when predominantly bermudagrass stubble was burned. At four locations, PM 2.5 levels were 23% higher from 4 p.m. on burn days to 8 a.m. the following morning than on days when there were no burns. On days when a burn was within 2 miles of a monitoring site, concentrations were 7 to 8 micrograms per cubic meter higher than on days when burns were farther away; measured levels lowered air quality, which potentially approached moderate. In monitoring five specific burns, we found that the levels of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 micrometers (PM 10 ) were highly elevated and potentially hazardous directly downwind of one field. In addition, PM 2.5 was composed primarily of carbon, and levels of naphthalene, a respiratory carcinogen, were elevated compared with upwind samples. In interviews, most community leaders, residents and farmers thought health educational efforts were needed. As a result, we developed fact sheets and have made recommendations for further actions to reduce people's exposure to smoke from agricultural burning.

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Section: Public Health Recommendationscontrasting

confidence: 49%

Section: Information For the General Publicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agricultural burning monitored for air pollutants in Imperial County; exposure reduction recommendations developed

Harnly¹,

Naik-Patel²,

Wall³

et al. 2012

Cal Ag

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“…From wood fuel, Akeredolu (1989) reported CO emission of about 6:42 10 9 kg in Nigeria. In open burning, PM 10 emission increases with increasing moisture content (Carroll et al, 1977). Locally produced PM from combustion processes influence the aerosols in Lagos (Maduekwe and Chendo, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Criteria Air Pollutants from Some Anthropogenic Combustion Processes in Lagos, Nigeria

Sonibare

Jimoda

2009

Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmenta

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On October 12, 2005, a mysterious fog engulfed some parts of Lagos, the cause of which is yet to be identified. As part of the on-going scientific attempts to identify its cause, this article examines the contribution of anthropogenic combustion processes to oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), and particulate matter (PM 10 ) in Lagos. On the average, predicted emissions are: NO x , 3.43 10 4 ; CO, 1.46 10 6 ; SO 2 , 1.24 10 3 ; and PM 10 , 7.84 10 3 ton/annum. Vehicular emissions from road transportation is an identified major source of criteria air pollutants in the city because combustion of gasoline in buses generated about 32% and 77% of the predicted NO x and CO emissions, respectively. Similarly, significant portions of predicted SO 2 emissions (57%) come from low pour fuel oil (LPFO) combustion. The highest emission of PM 10 from wood fuel combustion, which is 83%, raises some concern due to its potential impact on indoor air quality. Some control measures and identified area of future research in air pollution control in Lagos are suggested.

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“…Fires spread in all directions, but the relationship between wind, slope and fire spread is controlled by igniting fires upwind (backing fire), downwind (head fire), or in the middle (spot, flank or grid fire) of unburned areas with available fuels (Wade and Lunsford 1989). Each fire spread pattern has different behaviour characteristics, even if fuel and weather conditions are held constant (Carroll et al 1977;Fernandes et al 2009). For example, because head fires move with the wind, they spread and burn fuel at faster rates, with higher fire intensity CSIRO PUBLISHING International Journal of Wildland Fire 2011, 20, 474-477 www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ijwf (kW m À1 ), larger flaming zone depths of both flaming and smouldering combustion, and higher amounts of smoke produced (largely due to the by-products of smouldering combustion; Carroll et al 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each fire spread pattern has different behaviour characteristics, even if fuel and weather conditions are held constant (Carroll et al 1977;Fernandes et al 2009). For example, because head fires move with the wind, they spread and burn fuel at faster rates, with higher fire intensity CSIRO PUBLISHING International Journal of Wildland Fire 2011, 20, 474-477 www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ijwf (kW m À1 ), larger flaming zone depths of both flaming and smouldering combustion, and higher amounts of smoke produced (largely due to the by-products of smouldering combustion; Carroll et al 1977). In contrast, backing fires have lower intensities, shorter flame lengths, slower rates of spread (Wade and Lunsford 1989), and have been shown to produce half the amount of smoke (Carroll et al 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire ignition patterns affect production of charcoal in southern forests

Carvalho

Kobziar

Putz

2011

Int. J. Wildland Fire

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Although charcoal represents a relatively minor portion of available biomass burned in wildfires and prescribed burns, its recalcitrant properties confer residence times ranging from centuries to millennia, with significance for carbon sequestration in frequently burned forests. Here, we determined whether charcoal formation differed between the two most common prescribed fire spread patterns in southern forests: head (with the wind) and backing (against the wind). Pine wood samples were distributed randomly within a mesic flatwoods burn unit in north-central Florida, and subjected either to a head fire (n ¼ 34) or a backing fire (n ¼ 34). Backing fires formed more than twice as much charcoal as head fires (1.53 v. 0.38% of available biomass), presumably because of differences in residence times, oxygen availability and fire intensity between the two fire spread patterns. These results suggest that the contribution of charcoal to ecosystem carbon sequestration is greater when flatwoods forests are burned against the prevailing wind direction, and that further investigation of these trends is warranted.Additional keywords: black carbon, carbon sequestration, prescribed fire, pyrogenic carbon.

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The dependence of open field burning emissions and plume concentrations on meteorology, field conditions and ignition technique

Cited by 14 publications

References 8 publications

Agricultural burning monitored for air pollutants in Imperial County; exposure reduction recommendations developed

Agricultural burning monitored for air pollutants in Imperial County; exposure reduction recommendations developed

Criteria Air Pollutants from Some Anthropogenic Combustion Processes in Lagos, Nigeria

Fire ignition patterns affect production of charcoal in southern forests

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