The Delayed Ocular and Pulmonary Complications of Mustard Gas

Ghassemi-Broumand, Mohammad; Agin, Khosrow; Kangari, Haleh

doi:10.1081/cus-200037213

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Contacting with chemical weapons as an extreme traumatic event can lead to psychological problems, loss of security, and chronic physical disabilities ( 35 ). Studies have shown that exposure to chemicals used in war has severe effects on people’s cardiovascular system and hematopoietic system of the body ( 36 , 37 ). The articles did not mention the chemical agents as risk factors for hypertension disease, and there are few studies conducted in this area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life experiences of patients before having hypertension: a qualitative study

2017

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IntroductionIdentification of causes of hypertension on the basis of the perspectives and experiences of patients is the key to success in health plans of these patients. The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of life before becoming hypertensive patients.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted during August 2015 to April 2016. Twenty-seven hypertensive patients referred to hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected based on purposive sampling, and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with them. The data were analyzed by the content analysis method and using qualitative data analysis software MAXqda 2011.ResultsThree main categories were extracted from data analysis. Patients experienced factors such as negligence and neglect, life stress, lack of healthy lifestyles and abuse awareness, spirituality abandonee in the main category of “personal experience,” factors such as family conflicts, heredity, inappropriate nutritional and life style in the main category of “family life,” and also factors such as job stress, economic problems, urbanization, chemical agents during the war in the main category of “social life.”ConclusionsBased on the findings, patients before becoming hypertensive under the influence of their culture and beliefs had experienced many risk factors associated with hypertension. Comprehensive planning and appropriate to the cultural, social, and beliefs context about the prevention and correction of these factors is necessary.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life experiences of patients before having hypertension: a qualitative study

2017

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“…SM exposure causes a range of injuries to the eye, from mild conjunctivitis to advanced corneal disease. The SM injuries from the IranIraq war of the 1980s recorded severe ocular damage in about 10% of those exposed, 6,23,26 and this has emphasized the need for potential therapies. To date, there is no FDAapproved therapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doxycycline Hydrogels as a Potential Therapy for Ocular Vesicant Injury

Gordon

Desantis

Deshmukh

et al. 2010

Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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Purpose: The goals of this study were (1) to compare the injury at the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of rabbit corneal organ cultures exposed to half mustard (2 chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, CEES) and nitrogen mustard with that of in vivo rabbit eyes exposed to sulfur mustard (SM); (2) to test the efficacy of 4 tetracycline derivatives in attenuating vesicant-induced BMZ disruption in the 24-h period postexposure; and (3) to use the most effective tetracycline derivative to compare the improvement of injury when the drug is delivered as drops or hydrogels to eyes exposed in vivo to SM. Methods: Histological analysis of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections was performed; the ultrastructure of the corneal BMZ was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy; matrix metalloproteinase-9 was assessed by immunofluorescence; doxycycline as drops or a hydrogel was applied daily for 28 days to eyes exposed in vivo to SM. Corneal edema was assessed by pachymetry and the extent of neovascularization was graded by length of longest vessel in each quadrant. Results: Injury to the BMZ was highly similar with all vesicants, but varied in degree of severity. The effectiveness of the 4 drugs in retaining BMZ integrity did not correlate with their ability to attenuate matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression at the epithelial-stromal border. Doxycycline was most effective on organ cultures; therefore, it was applied as drops or a hydrogel to rabbit corneas exposed in vivo to SM. Eyes were examined at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days after exposure. At 7 and 28 days after SM exposure, eyes treated with doxycycline were greatly improved over those that received no therapy. Corneal thickness decreased somewhat faster using doxycycline drops, whereas the hydrogel formulation decreased the incidence of neovascularization. Conclusions: Corneal cultures exposed to 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide and nitrogen mustard were effective models to simulate in vivo SM exposures. Doxycycline as drops and hydrogels ameliorated vesicant injury. With in vivo exposed animals, the drops reduced edema faster than the hydrogels, but use of the hydrogels significantly reduced neovascularization. The data provide proof of principle that a hydrogel formulation of doxycycline as a daily therapy for ocular vesicant injury should be further investigated.

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“…However, the most widespread and heinous event is the use of chemical agents recorded after World War I against the human race used by the Saddam's Baathist regime against Iran in the 1980s. [ 10 11 ] There are many people in Iran who are suffering from a variety of physical and mental illnesses due to the chemical attacks that followed the 8-year war between Iran and Iraq. [ 12 ] Based on the study by Taebi et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A minimum data set of user profile or electronic health record for chemical warfare victims' recommender system

Aalipour

Ghazisaeedi

Moghadam

et al. 2020

J Family Med Prim Care

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Background: There are many people who are suffering from a variety of physical and mental illnesses due to the chemical attacks. There are various technologies such as recommender systems that can identify the main concerns related to health and make efforts to address them. To design and develop a recommender system, preparation of data source of this system should be considered. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum data set for user profile or user's electronic health record in chemical warfare victims’ recommender system. Methods: This applied descriptive, cross-sectional study which was conducted in 2017. A questionnaire was developed by the authors from the data elements that were collected using the data extraction form from the studied sources. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using the experts. Test–retest method was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha coefficient was confirmed as 84%. The questionnaire were submitted for related experts based on Delphi method by email or in person. Data resulting from the Delphi technique with descriptive statistics methods in SPSS software were analyzed. Results: Forty-seven nonclinical data elements and 181 clinical data elements were classified. Conclusion: Determining minimum data set of user profile or electronic health record in the recommender system for chemical warfare victims helps the health authorities to implement the recommender system which demonstrates chemical warfare victims’ needs.

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The Delayed Ocular and Pulmonary Complications of Mustard Gas

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

Life experiences of patients before having hypertension: a qualitative study

Life experiences of patients before having hypertension: a qualitative study

Doxycycline Hydrogels as a Potential Therapy for Ocular Vesicant Injury

A minimum data set of user profile or electronic health record for chemical warfare victims' recommender system

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