The degassing behavior of Au, Tl, As, Pb, Re, Cd and Bi from silicate liquids: Experiments and applications

Johnson, Angela D.; Canil, Dante

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.12.023

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Degassing might account for concentration drops of 29 to 39 in Cd and Bi contents (Righter et al 2018a(Righter et al , 2018b. Diffusion studies of As, Sb, Cd, Bi, and Pb have been carried out by MacKenzie and Canil (2008) and Johnson and Canil (2011), and all five of these elements have high diffusion coefficients that would allow mobility under magmatic conditions. If a solid understanding exists of these processes, then mantle concentrations of VSE in Mars and Vesta can be estimated using knowledge of the geochemical behavior.…”

Section: Vse Concentrations In Silicate Mantlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of silicon on activity coefficients of Bi, Cd, Sn, and Ag in liquid Fe‐Si, and implications for differentiation and core formation

Righter¹,

Pando

Ross

et al. 2019

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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The depletion of volatile siderophile elements (VSE) Sn, Ag, Bi, Cd, and P in mantles of differentiated planetary bodies can be attributed to volatile‐depleted precursor materials (building blocks), fractionation during core formation, fractionation into and retention in sulfide minerals, and/or volatile loss associated with magmatism. Quantitative models to constrain the fractionation due to core formation have not been possible due to the lack of activity and partitioning data. Interaction parameters in Fe‐Si liquids have been measured at 1 GPa, 1600 °C and increase in the order Cd (~6), Ag (~10), Sn (~28), Bi (~46), and P (~58). These large and positive values contrast with smaller and negative values in Fe‐S liquids indicating that any chalcophile behavior exhibited by these elements will be erased by dissolution of a small amount of Si in the metallic liquid. A newly updated activity model is applied to Earth, Mars, and Vesta. Five elements (P, Zn, Sn, Cd, and In) in Earth's primitive upper mantle can largely be explained by metal‐silicate equilibrium at high PT conditions where the core‐forming metal is a Fe‐Ni‐S‐Si‐C metallic liquid, but two other—Ag and Bi—become overabundant during core formation and require a removal mechanism such as late sulfide segregation. All of the VSE in the mantle of Mars are consistent with core formation in a volatile element depleted body, and do not require any additional processes. Only P and Ag in Vesta's mantle are consistent with combined core formation and volatile‐depleted precursors, whereas the rest require accretion of chondritic or volatile‐bearing material after core formation. The concentrations of Zn, Ag, and Cd modeled for Vesta's core are similar to the concentration range measured in magmatic iron meteorites indicating that these volatile elements were already depleted in Vesta's precursor materials.

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Section: Vse Concentrations In Silicate Mantlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of silicon on activity coefficients of Bi, Cd, Sn, and Ag in liquid Fe‐Si, and implications for differentiation and core formation

Righter¹,

Pando

Ross

et al. 2019

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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show abstract

“…The Cl/S and F/S ratios discussed above (Section 3.1) suggest that while S is exsolving from the magma at greater depth, the halogen to S composition of the plume is still controlled by shallow re-equilibration of the rising bubbles with the surrounding magma or the release of gases from the surface. In the case of the escape of metals from melts, diffusive timescales may play a more important role (Johnson and Canil, 2011) meaning that S-rich bubbles coming from deeper in the system do not achieve equilibrium with respect to Re and Cd during their passage through the shallow system and Fig. 6.…”

Section: Metal Degassing From Haiwaiian Lavasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halogens and trace metal emissions from the ongoing 2008 summit eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawai`i

Mather

Witt

Pyle

et al. 2012

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

143

116

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“…At global scale, the Tl/Pb ratio of volcanic aerosols shows two order of magnitude variations (0.03 to 3.3), with no systematic difference between arc and hotspots volcanoes (Baker et al, 2009;Edmonds et al, 2018). Our results on the Lascar volcano suggest that Tl entrapment in alteration sulphates might explain part of the Tl/Pb variations in volcanic emanations, in addition to gas source heterogeneity (Okrugin et al, 2017), diffusive fractionation of Pb and Tl at the melt-gas interface (Johnson and Canil, 2011), and chemical evolution of gas during cooling (Churakov et al, 2000). (2) Substitution reactions potentially deplete volcanic emanations in some elements, which lead to underestimate the volatility of these latter.…”

Section: The Molybdenum Issuementioning

confidence: 61%

“…Using distribution coefficients between crust surface and gas (DS/G Tl =3.310 7 and DS/G Pb =1.110 4 ) calculated as described in section 6.2, a gas/rock mass ratio between 1.610 6 and 1.010 7 is needed to decrease Tl/Pb from 1-5 in the initial gas (Johnson and Canil, 2011) to 0.23 in average Lascar aerosols (Menard et al, 2014). The sulphate crust formed by the interaction between gas and rock uptakes between 77 and 95% of the initial Tl content of the gases, but less than 1% of Pb.…”

Section: The Molybdenum Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake of gaseous thallium, tellurium, vanadium and molybdenum into anhydrous alum, Lascar volcano fumaroles, Chile

Sainlot

Vlastelić

Moune

et al. 2020

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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Formation of secondary sulphate minerals during the reaction between volcanic gases and rocks modulates the composition and flux of gaseous emanations. We report on the sub-surface formation of anhydrous alum (M I M III (X VI O4)2 with M I = NH4 + , Na + , K + ; M III = Al 3+ , Fe 3+ and X VI = S 6+) in the 330°C fumaroles of the Lascar volcano (Chile). The alum occurs as a few millimetres thick crust that grew internally by two-way diffusion of reaction gases and diffusive influx of rock cations within the crust. The average growth rate is estimated at ca. 0.3 m/day, based on the 19-year-long activity of the degassing fracture hosting the crust. The growth rate is controlled by the slow migration of the rock cations and decreases towards crust rim. The crust selectively concentrates Tl, V and Te (thousands of g/g) and to a lesser extent Mo (hundreds of g/g). The uptake of gaseous Tl, V and Mo is not due to saturation of the gas with Tl, V and Mo compounds but to the possibility for the elements to enter the crystal structure of alum: Tl + , V 3+ and Mo 6+ might substitute for the M I , M III and X VI ions, respectively. The process of Te uptake remains uncertain, but must be related to the incorporation of Tl and V with which Te tightly correlates. Thallium, V and Te concentrations increase by a factor > 20 from core to rim, where they reach 8760, 8508, and 1687 g/g respectively. This trend correlates with the decrease of crust growth rate. This indicates that the low rate of rock cations supply to the outer edge of the crust favours the substitution of Tl, V and Te in the crystal network. Such surface enrichment does not occur for Mo, because Mo competes with S, another element from the gas. This suggests that the surface of mature alum crust has a high adsorption capacity for those gaseous metals able to compensate for the lack of rockderived cations. Based on the composition of gases escaping from the fracture hosting the crust, it is estimated that the partition coefficients of Tl (3.310 7), V (1.110 7) and Te (0.610 7) between crust surface and gases are two to four orders of magnitude higher than for other volatile metals and metalloids. It follows that gases equilibrating with anhydrous alums lose between 77 and 95% of their initial Tl content, but less than 1% of Pb. Given the Tl emission rate of Lascar volcano (5 g/day), between 17 and 104 g of toxic Tl would deposit every day if all Lascar gases were to equilibrate with anhydrous alums.

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The degassing behavior of Au, Tl, As, Pb, Re, Cd and Bi from silicate liquids: Experiments and applications

Cited by 33 publications

References 42 publications

Effect of silicon on activity coefficients of Bi, Cd, Sn, and Ag in liquid Fe‐Si, and implications for differentiation and core formation

Effect of silicon on activity coefficients of Bi, Cd, Sn, and Ag in liquid Fe‐Si, and implications for differentiation and core formation

Halogens and trace metal emissions from the ongoing 2008 summit eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawai`i

Uptake of gaseous thallium, tellurium, vanadium and molybdenum into anhydrous alum, Lascar volcano fumaroles, Chile

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