The Decorrelation of Audio Signals and Its Impact on Spatial Imagery

Kendall, Gary S.

doi:10.2307/3680992

Cited by 115 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In general, it appears to have a width (Kin, Plaskota, 2011) that can be different to the width of a real sound source (Zotter et al, 2011). The literature about (pseudo-)stereophony (Gerzon, 1993;Schröder, 1958;Orban, 1970b), stereo decorrelation (Kendall, 1995;Potard, Burnett, 2004;Bouéri, Kyriakakis, 2004), and parametric spatial audio (Laitinen et al, 2012;Potard, 2006;Szczerba et al, 2011) describes that nonuniform amplitude differences or phase differences over frequency are suitable for controlling the phantom source width. Phantom source widening provides a way of shaping the spatial salience of a sound signal with only little effect on its location, reverberation, or coloration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Phantom Source Widening

Zotter

Frank

2013

Archives of Acoustics

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We present a highly efficient filter structure to create power-complementary filter pairs for phantom source widening. It either introduces frequency-dependent phase or amplitude differences in a pair of loudspeaker signals. We evaluate how the perceptual effect is influenced by off-center listening positions in a standard ±30• loudspeaker setup. The evaluation of the phantom source widening effect is based on measurements of the inter-aural cross-correlation coefficient (IACC), which is justified by its pronounced correlation to the perceived phantom source width in prior listening test results.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Phantom Source Widening

Zotter

Frank

2013

Archives of Acoustics

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“…Therefore, a new method that can render vertical image spread would be necessary. In the context of horizontal stereophony, horizontal image spread can be rendered by means of interchannel decorrelation, and many different decorrelation methods have been proposed over the past years [6][7][8][9][10]. Such methods are based on the principle that as the degree of correlation between stereophonic channel signals decreases, that between ear-input signals (interaural crosscorrelation), which has a direct relationship with perceived auditory image spread [4], also decreases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2D-to-3D Ambience Upmixing based on Perceptual Band Allocation

Lee

2015

J. Audio Eng. Soc.

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Listening tests were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of a novel 2D-to-3D ambience upmixing technique named "perceptual band allocation" (PBA). Four-channel ambience signals captured in a reverberant concert hall were low-pass and high-pass filtered, which were then routed to lower and upper loudspeaker layers arranged in a 9-channel 3D configuration, respectively. The upmixed stimuli were compared against original 3D recordings made using an 8-channel ambience microphone array in terms of 3D listener envelopment and preference. The results suggest that the perceived quality of the proposed method could be at least comparable to that of an original 3D recording. INTRODUCTIONThree-dimensional multichannel audio systems such as Auro-3D [1], Dolby Atmos [2], and 22.2 [3] employ additional height loudspeakers in order to provide the listener with a three-dimensional (3D) auditory experience. One of the perceptual attributes that could be enhanced by the use of height channels is listener envelopment (LEV). In the context of two-dimensional (2D) surround sound (e.g., 5.1), LEV is widely understood as the subjective impression of being enveloped by reverberant sound [4,5]. With 3D loudspeaker formats, the added height channels could be used to render the "vertical" spread of reverberant sound image as well as the horizontal one, and ultimately the auditory impression of 3D LEV could be achieved.One of the key requirements for 3D multichannel audio applications would be a 2D-to-3D upmixing technique that can add a height dimension to 2D content. Therefore, a new method that can render vertical image spread would be necessary. In the context of horizontal stereophony, horizontal image spread can be rendered by means of interchannel decorrelation, and many different decorrelation methods have been proposed over the past years [6][7][8][9][10]. Such methods are based on the principle that as the degree of correlation between stereophonic channel signals decreases, that between ear-input signals (interaural crosscorrelation), which has a direct relationship with perceived auditory image spread [4], also decreases. However, vertically reproduced stereophonic signals would have no or little influence on interaural cross-correlation. From a recent study by Gribben and Lee [11] it was found that vertically applied interchannel decorrelation was not as effective as horizontal decorrelation in terms of controlling the spread of image.The literature generally suggests that vertical localization relies on spectral cues. A number of researchers [12][13][14] have found that the higher the frequency of a pure tone the higher the perceived image position was regardless of the physical height of the presenting loudspeaker; a phenomenon referred to as the "pitch-height" effect in [15]. In the case of band-pass filtered noise signals, however, this effect was reported to be dependent on the physical height of the loudspeaker that presents the signal. For example, Roffler and Butler [16] found from their experiments using loudspeake...

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“…The result is rescaled such that the perceived loudness stays constant. The current implementation does not do any extra processing, such as de-correlation, to create the impression of a diffuse sound distributed over an area (Kendall 1995), though this is on the list of future work we would like to do.…”

Section: Positioning Virtual Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zirkonium: Non-invasive software for sound spatialisation

Ramakrishnan

2009

Org. Sound

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Zirkonium is a flexible, non-invasive, open-source program for sound spatialisation over spherical (dome-shaped) loudspeaker setups. By non-invasive, we mean that Zirkonium offers the artist spatialisation capabilities without forcing her to change her usual way of working. This is achieved by supporting a variety of means of designing and controlling spatialisations. Zikonium accommodates user-defined speaker distributions and offers HRTF-based headphone simulation for situations when the actual speaker setup is not available. It can acquire sound sources from files, live input, or via the so-called device mode, which allows Zirkonium to appear to other programs as an audio interface. Control data may be predefined and stored in a file or generated elsewhere and sent over OSC. This paper details Zirkonium, its design philosophy and implementation, and how we have been using it since 2005.

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The Decorrelation of Audio Signals and Its Impact on Spatial Imagery

Cited by 115 publications

References 11 publications

Efficient Phantom Source Widening

Efficient Phantom Source Widening

2D-to-3D Ambience Upmixing based on Perceptual Band Allocation

Zirkonium: Non-invasive software for sound spatialisation

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