The declining earnings gap between young women and men in the United States, 1979–2018

Iceland, John; Redstone, Ilana

doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102479

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…This means that, despite Sweden's well-known progress toward gender equality, women continue to lag significantly behind men in terms of earnings attainment at a given level of education. In developed countries, concerns have been raised as to whether gender convergence has stalled or slowed on some indicators in recent years (England, Privalko, and Levine 2020;Iceland and Redstone 2020;Kunze 2018). Therefore, the development of gender differences in educational returns and income mobility for younger cohorts needs to be studied further.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining Gender-Specific Trends in Income Mobility: The Role of Education

2024

Preprint

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Rising income inequality has aroused widespread concern about potential decreases in intergenerational income mobility. Intriguingly, recent research reveals that income mobility remains stable among men while declining among women, but the reasons for these disparities are unclear. This study explores the role of education by asking whether gender-specific mobility trends can be explained by gender differences in changes in educational inequality and returns to education. Using Swedish register data for cohorts born between 1958 and 1979, the results confirm gender-specific trends: the intergenerational rank association between parental disposable income and child labor income has decreased and then stabilized for men while increasing steadily for women. Decomposition analyses of trends in income mobility indicate that, for men, decreased educational inequality was the primary factor driving increased income mobility, while returns to education were stable and had limited effects. For women, decreased educational inequality also increased mobility, but this was counteracted by rising direct income associations net of education across cohorts and growing educational returns among younger cohorts. In summary, through rising educational returns, education has increasingly driven women’s income persistence but not men’s. These findings suggest that examining gender-specific mobility trends in the context of increasing gender equality in society and the economy sheds new light on the role of education in mobility mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining Gender-Specific Trends in Income Mobility: The Role of Education

2024

Preprint

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“…A crucial attempt in the existing literature was to distinguish the raw difference between the average wages of men and women -the raw GWG -from the component that is purely due to statistical or taste discrimination against women (Di Prete & Buchmann 2006). Recent research has shown that the raw GWG has decreased in the last decades (Iceland & Redstone 2020), albeit being still substantial in recent times (Blau & Kahn 2006;. Other studies found substantial gender gaps also among tertiary graduates, both in the US (Joy 2003) and Europe (Garcia-Aracil 2009;Triventi 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequality at the top. The gender wage gap among the Italian educational elites

Passaretta¹,

Triventi²

2021

Preprint

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Women notoriously get lower wages compared to men. Does a gender wage gap exist also at the top of the educational distribution? Based on population data on two recent cohort of PhD graduates in Italy, we found women’s monthly wages are on average 16% lower than men’s’ after 5–6 years on the labor market. The gender wage gap is even stronger at the very bottom and the top of the wage distribution, around 22% and 19% respectively. Educational pathways before and during PhD studies, occupational characteristics, and the family situation explain almost half of the average women’s penalty and working hours alone one-fifth of it. However, the strongest penalties at the bottom and the top of the wage distribution remain largely unexplained.

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“…1 The wage gap figure also fails to capture the dramatic divergence that occurs as men and women become parents (Blau & Kahn, 2017;Goldin, 2014). While employed, unmarried, and childless women age 25-29 recently reached earning parity with their male counterparts (Iceland & Redstone, 2020), female labor market participation and earnings both drop precipitously upon the transition to motherhood (Blau & Kahn, 2017). Men, however, often experience a wage increase when they become fathers (Budig & Hodges, 2010;Glauber, 2008Glauber, , 2018.…”

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confidence: 99%

Beyond measurement of the motherhood penalty: How social locations shape mothers' work decisions and stratify outcomes

Deming

2022

Sociology Compass

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Despite the shrinking of the gender wage gap, women with children continue to experience earnings and career disadvantages that women without children do not experience. This review first summarizes how the severity of the "motherhood penalty" is influenced by a woman's marital status and class in ways that perpetuate existing inequalities. Next, it outlines how the same factors also play salient roles in determining women's workforce behaviors upon transitioning to motherhood, largely dictating the extent to which women's earnings and careers are negatively impacted by the arrival of children. After establishing the stratified lines upon which mothers' decisions are made, and the disparate financial ramifications of their decisions, the paper concludes with a call for future research into the mechanisms that propel mothers' labor market decisions.

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The declining earnings gap between young women and men in the United States, 1979–2018

Cited by 7 publications

References 36 publications

Explaining Gender-Specific Trends in Income Mobility: The Role of Education

Explaining Gender-Specific Trends in Income Mobility: The Role of Education

Inequality at the top. The gender wage gap among the Italian educational elites

Beyond measurement of the motherhood penalty: How social locations shape mothers' work decisions and stratify outcomes

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