Inequality at the top. The gender wage gap among the Italian educational elites

Passaretta, Giampiero; Triventi, Moris

doi:10.31235/osf.io/updgw

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…If in Europe women earn, on average, 14.1 % less than men, in Spain, for example, the percentage is 11.9 %, inequalities being more pronounced in the private sector compared to the public one (Millan et al, 2021). Also in Italy, women earn 16 % less monthly income compared to men, after 5-6 years of activity on the labour market, differences explained by level of education, occupational characteristics, family situation, an aspect also found in Germany and Sweden which demotivates women in terms of productivity and investment in education (Passaretta & Triventi, 2021).…”

Section: Analysis Of the European Educational Context -Gender Inequalitymentioning

confidence: 88%

Reducing Inequalities through Higher Education and Economic Growth. Gender Analysis by Educational Degrees: Bachelor's, Master's and Doctoral Degrees

Haller

2023

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Inequality is an economic and social problem, and its reduction is a concern in the recent decades. In this context, we decided to analyse the contribution of higher education, according to gender on its three levels (Bachelor`s degree, Master`s degree and Doctoral degree - or equivalent), and economic growth. Higher education and economic growth are factors of competitiveness, important in reducing inequalities in the EU. We applied the panel methodology to some indicators taken from the World Bank website for the period 2013-2018. Data validity narrowed the analysis to 19 European countries divided into two groups according to which we developed two models. Model 1 includes Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, France, Greece, Slovakia and Slovenia, and Model 2 includes Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal and Sweden. The two groups differ not only in the number of countries but also in the period of analysis. For the first group, the period analysed is 2014-2017, and the applied model is Fixed Effects. For the second one, the analysed period is 2013-2018, and the applied model is Random Effect. The results show the importance of national characteristics in terms of the effect of higher education on reducing inequalities, despite efforts to standardise European practices. The increase in the number of higher education graduates highlight European inequalities, especially in the case of those with Bachelor's and Doctoral degrees. The results regarding the effect of the numerical increase of graduates with a Master's degree on inequalities are ambiguous. Equal access to education for women and men reduces inequalities, but the analysis captures the maintenance of women in a relatively vulnerable position in the European society and economy. Growth does not guarantee the absorption of inequalities because its transposition in the economy and society has antagonistic effects. There is a possibility to reduce inequalities due to higher growth rates, but this is also a possibility to increase them and to emphasize the differences between the rich and poor people and between the developed and developing countries.

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Section: Analysis Of the European Educational Context -Gender Inequalitymentioning

confidence: 88%

Reducing Inequalities through Higher Education and Economic Growth. Gender Analysis by Educational Degrees: Bachelor's, Master's and Doctoral Degrees

Haller

2023

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“…Garcia-Aracil, 2007; Triventi, 2013) and even among PhD holders (e.g. Goldan, 2021; Passaretta and Triventi, 2021).…”

Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…And yet a considerable number of single-country studies (e.g. Francesconi and Parey, 2018; Leuze and Strauß, 2009; Goldan, 2021; Passaretta and Triventi, 2021) and fewer comparative studies (e.g. Garcia-Aracil, 2007; Triventi, 2013) consistently found gender gaps in labor income even among higher education graduates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of overeducation and horizontal mismatch for gender inequalities in labor income of higher education graduates in Europe

Passaretta

Sauer

Schwabe

et al. 2023

Research in Comparative and International Education

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Evidence on gender inequality in the labor market is extensive. However, little is known about the potential role of overeducation and horizontal mismatch in explaining women’s labor-market disadvantages. We draw on recent data from the Eurograduate pilot survey to investigate the role of overeducation, field-of-study mismatch and field-specific overskilling for gender gaps in labor income in the European landscape. We found considerable variations in the extent of both gender earning gaps (GEGs) and wage gaps (GWGs) across countries. However, our decomposition analyses show that neither overeducation nor horizontal mismatch contribute to explaining these gender gaps. The lack of mediation seems related to either the absence of gender differences in overeducation and horizontal mismatch, or to the nonexistence of income penalties associated with the mismatch.

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Balancing Work, Life, and Care Responsibilities in Academia: The Male Perspective

Cannito,

Santero

2024

Sociologia Del Lavoro

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Several studies have shown the impact of parenthood on academic careers and the existence of a motherhood penalty. However, fathers' experiences of reconciling caring responsibilities with academic work are less studied. The article explores the representations of fatherhood and men's reconciliation practices in Italian academia. The analysis is based on 64 semi-structured interviews with male associate professors and postdoc researchers in various Italian universities, working in STEM and SSH departments. The results indicate that, in the early stages of the academic career, men similarly to women tend to postpone parenthood or to "choose" not to have children. Those men who have children, instead, enact different models of fatherhood that we have called the ‘absent father', the ‘negotiator' and the ‘present father', without significant differences among disciplines or academic positions. However, only a minority of fathers are closely involved in childcare, and they experience penalties and work-related stress. The article gives insights into possible policies to support the work-life balance of the (still rare) involved academic fathers and to encourage the others to share care duties more equally with their partners.

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Inequality at the top. The gender wage gap among the Italian educational elites

Cited by 3 publications

References 40 publications

Reducing Inequalities through Higher Education and Economic Growth. Gender Analysis by Educational Degrees: Bachelor's, Master's and Doctoral Degrees

Reducing Inequalities through Higher Education and Economic Growth. Gender Analysis by Educational Degrees: Bachelor's, Master's and Doctoral Degrees

The role of overeducation and horizontal mismatch for gender inequalities in labor income of higher education graduates in Europe

Balancing Work, Life, and Care Responsibilities in Academia: The Male Perspective

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