“…First, joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 greatly improved China's international market accessibility (Arnade et al, 2017;Garred, 2018), which not only enabled China to export more labor-intensive agricultural products, but also exposed its domestic grain market to the international market (Hertel et al, 2007). Since 2012, the international grain price has been dramatically declining (Bellmann and Hepburn, 2017), posing a significant challenge to Chinese domestic grain producers (Zhou and Koemle, 2015).…”