The dc power observed on the half of asymmetric superconducting ring in which current flows against electric field

The Law of Entropy Increase and the Meissner Effect

“…The amplitude of increases proportional to the number of the identical asymmetric rings connected in series [ 50 ] since the DC power adds up, in contrast to the chaotic Nyquist voltage. For example, the oscillations with the maximum amplitude V was observed on a single asymmetric ring and with V on a system of 1080 such rings connected in series at the same amplitude A of the AC current and approximately the same temperature [ 54 ]. Therefore, arbitrarily weak noise, up to equilibrium noise, can be detected using a system with a sufficiently large number of asymmetric superconducting rings [ 51 ].…”

“…The DC power can be transferred from a cold body to a hot body when the filters pass only the DC current. The DC voltage induced on 1080 asymmetric rings at the temperature K is observed at the room temperature K in the experimental work [ 54 ]. The DC power is observed in [ 54 ] since the directed electric current flows against the directed electric field in one of the halves of asymmetric superconducting ring due to the violation of the assumption of molecular disorder in the quantum phenomenon of the persistent current.…”

Dynamic processes in superconductors and the laws of thermodynamics

“…is observed in the case of a weak screening in a cylinder with walls w ≪ λ L [23] or a ring with the cross-section s ≪ λ 2 L [5][6][7][8][9]. L k = (λ 2 L /s)µ 0 2πr = m2πr/sq 2 n s is the kinetic inductance of the ring with the radius r, the grosssection s and the density n s of superconducting particles with a charge q.…”

“…1 in [27], only emphasizes the strong discreteness of the permitted state spectrum of superconducting rings. The critical current [8,26,27] and other measured parameters [5][6][7][8][9] connected with the persistent current (9) change periodically in magnetic field B with the period H 0 = Φ 0 /µ 0 S corresponding to the flux quantum Φ 0 = 2π /q inside the ring with S = πr 2 . The value of the period Φ 0 ≈ 20.7 Oe µm 2 gives experimental evidence that the persistent current in superconductors is the current of pairs of electrons with the charge q = 2e.…”

“…He does not consider a possibility that equilibrium thermodynamics may not be applicable to the description of superconducting transition and dynamic processes in superconductors. The history of the concepts about superconductivity and results of experimental investigations of dynamic processes in superconducting rings, published in Physica C [5] and other journals [6][7][8][9], give evidence this possibility.…”