The dawn and evolution of hormones in the adenohypophysis

Kawauchi, Hiroshi; Sower, Stacia A.

doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.10.011

Cited by 185 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…However, at that time it was unknown that S was the putative corticosteroid and not a precursor steroid. Later, four lamprey ACTH peptides were identified and characterized, revealing that lamprey ACTHs are 20-21 amino acids longer than those of more derived vertebrates, to which they show very little similarity Kawauchi and Sower, 2006;. Due to post-translational modifications, lamprey produce four unique ACTH peptides, whereas all other vertebrates have one .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of a putative corticosteroid, 17,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene,3,20-one, in sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus

Roberts

Didier

Rai

et al. 2014

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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a b s t r a c tIn higher vertebrates, in response to stress, the hypothalamus produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary to produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn stimulates production of either cortisol (F) or corticosterone (B) by the adrenal tissues. In lampreys, however, neither of these steroids is present. Instead, it has been proposed that the stress steroid is actually 17,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (11-deoxycortisol; S). However, there have been no studies yet to determine its mechanism of regulation or site of production. Here we demonstrate that (1) intraperitoneal injections of lamprey-CRH increase plasma S in a dose dependent manner, (2) intraperitoneal injections of four lamprey-specific ACTH peptides at 100 lg/kg, did not induce changes in plasma S concentrations in either males or females; (3) two lamprey-specific gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH I and III) and arginine-vasotocin (AVT), all at single doses, stimulated S production as well as, or to an even greater extent than CRH; (4) sea lamprey mesonephric kidneys, in vitro, converted tritiated 17a-hydroxyprogesterone (17a-P) into a steroid that had the same chromatographic properties (on HPLC and TLC) as S; (5) kidney tissues released significantly more immunoassayable S into the incubation medium than gill, liver or gonad tissues. One interpretation of these results is that the corticosteroid production of the sea lamprey, one of the oldest extant vertebrates, is regulated through multiple pathways rather than the classical HPI-axis. However, the responsiveness of this steroid to the GnRH peptides means that a reproductive rather than a stress role for this steroid cannot yet be ruled out.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of a putative corticosteroid, 17,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene,3,20-one, in sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus

Roberts

Didier

Rai

et al. 2014

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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“…We previously suggested that these PRLimmunoreactive neurons in the vertebrate brain may be homologous to those in the cerebral ganglion of ascidians (Terakado et al, 1997). It is well known that molecular features of prolactin in the adenohypophysis resemble those of vertebrate growth hormones (Kawauchi and Sower, 2006). Immunoreactivity of some neurons of the cerebral ganglion and some cells of the dorsal strand to anti-PRL and antigrowth hormone antisera (unpublished observation) suggests the presence of ancestral molecule(s) of the growth hormone family in ascidians.…”

Section: Wwwintechopencommentioning

confidence: 93%

Formation of Nervous Systems and Neural Stem Cells in Ascidians

Terakado¹

2012

Neural Stem Cells and Therapy

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“…They are heterodimeric glycoproteins consisting of two subunits, an α-subunit and a unique β-subunit. These glycoprotein hormones (GPH) are believed to have evolved from a common ancestral molecule through duplication of β-subunit genes and subsequent divergence (27,28). Two GTHs have been identified in all taxonomic groups of gnathostomes, including actinopterygians (29,30), sarcopterygians (31), and chondrichthyans (32), but not in agnathans.…”

Section: Glycoprotein Hormone Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

The hagfish heart

Davison¹

2015

Hagfish Biology

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The hypothalamic-pituitary system is considered to be a seminal event that emerged prior to or during the differentiation of the ancestral agnathans (jawless vertebrates). Hagfishes as one of the only two extant members of the class of agnathans are considered the most primitive vertebrates known, living or extinct. Accordingly, studies on their reproduction are important for understanding the evolution and phylogenetic aspects of the vertebrate reproductive endocrine system. In gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates), the hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary have been extensively studied and shown to have well-defined roles in the control of reproduction. In hagfish, it was thought that they did not have the same neuroendocrine control of reproduction as gnathostomes, since it was not clear whether the hagfish pituitary gland contained tropic hormones of any kind. This review highlights the recent findings of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal endocrine system in the hagfish. In contrast to gnathostomes that have two gonadotropins (GTH: luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone), only one pituitary GTH has been identified in the hagfish. Immunohistochemical and functional studies confirmed that this hagfish GTH was significantly correlated with the developmental stages of the gonads and showed the presence of a steroid (estradiol) feedback system at the hypothalamic-pituitary levels. Moreover, while the identity of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has not been determined, immunoreactive (ir) GnRH has been shown in the hagfish brain including seasonal changes of ir-GnRH corresponding to gonadal reproductive stages. In addition, a hagfish PQRFamide peptide was identified and shown to stimulate the expression of hagfish GTHβ mRNA in the hagfish pituitary. These findings provide evidence that there are neuroendocrine-pituitary hormones that share common structure and functional features compared to later evolved vertebrates.

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The dawn and evolution of hormones in the adenohypophysis

Cited by 185 publications

References 116 publications

Regulation of a putative corticosteroid, 17,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene,3,20-one, in sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus

Regulation of a putative corticosteroid, 17,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene,3,20-one, in sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus

Formation of Nervous Systems and Neural Stem Cells in Ascidians

The hagfish heart

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