The cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR: ultrastructural and functional damage of cells

Urolithin a Partially Protects against Oxidative Damage Induced for Microcistyn‐lr in C6 Cells

“…This marker represents the oxidative status of proteins, as changes in the redox state of thiol/disulfide couples could affect the structure and function of almost all proteins, including oxidation-reduction enzymes. [21] MIC-LR can induce a series of cytotoxic effects that are associated with damage to various structures and functions, such as cell membranes, mitochondria and proteins. Furthermore, MIC-LR can disrupt cellular function by inducing oxidative stress.…”

“…[21] Among the main cytotoxic effects we can mention the decrease in cell viability, induced autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis, altered cell cycle, altered cell morphology, abnormal cell migration and invasion, in addition to genetic damage. [21] When checking the enzymatic antioxidant system, only the highest concentration of MIC-LR (10 μM) caused a reduction in CAT activity when compared with the control (p < 0.05, Figure 2D). CAT catalyses the breakdown of H 2 O 2 , which is highly reactive and can cause cell damage.…”