The current status of zoonotic leishmaniases and approaches to disease control

Gramiccia, Marina; Gradoni, Luigi

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.001

Cited by 387 publications

(253 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…While infection in humans and domestic dogs has long been known, infection in other domestic animals has received less attention. Several domestic species have now been shown to be have a high prevalence of infection in some areas, reviewed by Gramiccia and Gradoni (2005). In particular, a number of European studies have shown a high prevalence in domestic cats, for example 26 % of 183 cats tested in a Spanish study were PCR positive (Martin-Sanchez et al 2007).…”

Section: Prevalence Of L Infantum Infection In Potential Reservoir Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

2009

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S U M M A R YZoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum is an important disease of humans and dogs. Here we review aspects of the transmission and control of ZVL. Whilst there is clear evidence that ZVL is maintained by sandfly transmission, transmission may also occur by non-sandfly routes, such as congenital and sexual transmission. Dogs are the only confirmed primary reservoir of infection. Meta-analysis of dog studies confirms that infectiousness is higher in symptomatic infection ; infectiousness is also higher in European than South American studies. A high prevalence of infection has been reported from an increasing number of domestic and wild mammals ; updated host ranges are provided. The crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, opossums Didelphis spp., domestic cat Felis cattus, black rat Rattus rattus and humans can infect sandflies, but confirmation of these hosts as primary or secondary reservoirs requires further xenodiagnosis studies at the population level. Thus the putative sylvatic reservoir(s) of ZVL remains unknown. Review of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of current control methods highlights the lack of randomized controlled trials of both dog culling and residual insecticide spraying. Topical insecticides (deltamethrin-impregnated collars and pour-ons) have been shown to provide a high level of individual protection to treated dogs, but further community-level studies are needed.

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Section: Prevalence Of L Infantum Infection In Potential Reservoir Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

2009

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“…The six species found in Brazil are Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, which is responsible for localized, disseminated and mucocutaneous forms, Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis, Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni, Leishmania (Viannia) shawi, Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi, which is responsible for localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, which is responsible for localized cutaneous and diffuse leishmaniasis. It is essential to identify the circulating species of Leishmania in endemic areas in order to determine the disease epidemiology in the region 14 . …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is essential to identify the circulating species of Leishmania in endemic areas in order to determine the disease epidemiology in the region 14 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical, epidemiological and laboratory aspects of patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Pernambuco

Reis

et al. 2008

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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The diagnosis for American cutaneous leishmaniasis is based on an association of clinical, epidemiological and laboratory characteristics. The present study identified the circulating species of Leishmania in the State of Pernambuco, described its clinical-epidemiological characteristics and diagnosed the disease. Nineteen patients presenting active lesions who had been diagnosed through clinical evaluation and laboratory tests were selected. The tests included direct investigation, in vitro culturing, Montenegro skin test, indirect immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction. The Montenegro Skin Test showed positive results in 89% of the patients; indirect immunofluorescence, in 79%; direct investigation, in 58%; and polymerase chain reaction in 75%. Seven Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis samples were isolated from these patients and were characterized by means of specific monoclonal antibodies. These data confirm that a combination of different diagnosis techniques is needed in order to obtain efficient results and that, so far, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the only species responsible for American cutaneous leishmaniasis infection in Pernambuco. Thus, it is essential to identify the parasite species involved in cases of human disease in an endemic area in order to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics, especially with regard to diagnosis, therapy development and disease prognosis. Key-words:American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Montenegro skin test. Indirect immunofluorescence. Polymerase chain reaction. RESUMOO diagnóstico da leishmaniose cutânea americana é baseado na associação dos aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e laboratoriais. O presente estudo identificou a espécie de Leishmania circulante no Estado de Pernambuco, descreveu os aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos e diagnosticou a doença. Foram selecionados 19 pacientes apresentando lesão ativa e diagnosticados através de avaliação clínica e pelos exames laboratoriais que incluíram a pesquisa direta, cultivo in vitro, intradermorreação de Montenegro, imunofluorescência indireta e reação em cadeia de polymerase. A intradermorreação de Montenegro apresentou resultado positivo em 89% dos pacientes. A imunofluorescência indireta apresentou 79% de positividade, a pesquisa direta apresentou 58% e a reação em cadeia de polymerase 75% de positividade. Sete amostras de Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis foram isoladas desses pacientes e caracterizadas através de anticorpos monoclonais específicos. Esses dados confirmam que é necessário a combinação de diferentes técnicas diagnósticas para se obter resultados eficientes e que, até o momento, a Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis é a única espécie responsável pela infecção da leishmaniose cutânea americana em Pernambuco. Portanto, a identificação da espécie do parasito envolvido nos casos da doença no homem em uma área endêmica é essencial para o conhecimento dos aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos, sobretudo para o diagnóstico e para o desenvol...

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“…In the New World, L. (L.) chagasi, transmitted by the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, can be considered as synonym of L. infantum, although some authors consider them as distinct species. Its incidence is increasing in the last years, being directly related to the global climatic heating and to the environmental modifications provoked by the man 11 . In Brazil, the dog becomes responsible as the main reservoir of leishmania parasite 20 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The susceptibility to VL is low, being associated with the age (children below two years are more affected), malnutrition and immune compromising 5,11 . In Brazil, where aids and leishmaniasis are endemic, the aids-leishmaniasis co-infection is more described in their cutaneous or mucosal forms of tegumentary leishmaniasis 6,19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

L. (L.) chagasi in aids and visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) co-infection

Roselino

Chociay

Costa

et al. 2008

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYConcomitant skin lesions in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar are rare, being more common the description of postkala-azar dermal leishmaniasis occurring post treatment of kala-azar. Skin lesions caused by Leishmania donovani are frequently seen in the aids-VL co-infection. In Brazil cutaneous or mucosal forms of tegumentary leishmaniasis concomitant with aids are more commonly registered. Here we present a case of aids-VL co-infection, with unusual cutaneous and digestive compromising attributed to L. (L.) chagasi, with special attention to ecthymatous aspect of the lesion, allied to the absence of parasite on the histological skin biopsy.

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The current status of zoonotic leishmaniases and approaches to disease control

Cited by 387 publications

References 55 publications

Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

Clinical, epidemiological and laboratory aspects of patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Pernambuco

L. (L.) chagasi in aids and visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) co-infection

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