The current status of tardive dyskinesia

Abstract

After four decades of clinical recognition, the pathophysiology of TD is still not understood and no effective treatment is available. Its prevention with the optimal usage of currently available drugs and regular monitoring of patients on long-term neuroleptic treatment remain the best strategies to reduce its impact.

Antipsychotikainduzierte tardive Syndrome

“…Eine der Möglichkeiten, die Gruppe der Antipsychotika zu unterteilen, ist entsprechend ihrer Markteinfüh-rung in Antipsychotika der ersten Generation (First Generation Antipsychotic Drug [FGA]) 1 und der neueren Generation (New Generation Antipsychotic Drug [NGA]) 2 .…”

“…Tardive Dyskinesien (TD) zählen zu den schwerwiegendsten motorischen Nebenwirkungen von DRA, da sie häufig irreversibel sind und zu permanenter Behinderung führen können [1]. Mit Einführung der NGA konnte das Risiko für extrapyramidal-motorische Symptome (EPMS) zwar deutlich reduziert werden, allerdings treten EPMS auch bei der Anwendung von NGA bei einer nicht zu vernachlässigenden Zahl von Patienten auf [2].…”

Clinical implications of pharmacogenomics for tardive dyskinesia

“…TD consists of hyperkinetic involuntary movements, most commonly characterized by orofacial dyskinesia, but it may include tics, chorea and/or athetosis or a combination of these. 1 For obvious reasons, TD may be extremely distressing to patients as it substantially debilitates motor performances in normal life. Furthermore, TD may lead to social stigmatization or to difficulties in finding employment.…”

Effectiveness Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Driven Monitoring Database for Tardive Dyskinesia

“…The majority of patients who develop TD will experience mild symptoms and may be unaware of the move-ments. 1 Approximately 10% of patients will develop moderate to severe symptoms that can lead to significant functional impairment. 2 TD can be a severe and debilitating side effect of antipsychotic medications.…”

“…1 Two widely used rating scales that monitor for the emergence or progression of TD are the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and the Dyskinesia Identifi cation System: Condensed User Scale (DISCUS). 9,10 The AIMS was developed by the National Institute of Mental Health in the 1970s to provide assessment of abnormal movements within a clinical and research setting.…”