The current situation on animal trypanosomiasis in Africa

Murray, M.; Gray, A. R.

doi:10.1016/0167-5877(84)90045-x

Cited by 59 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Around a third of the African continent is affected by trypanosomiasis, of which it is thought around 7 million km 2 would otherwise be suitable for agricultural development [1]. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is considered to be the principal disease that limits profitable and productive livestock keeping in sub-Saharan Africa [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is considered to be the principal disease that limits profitable and productive livestock keeping in sub-Saharan Africa [1,2]. Domestic livestock can greatly improve the livelihoods of the rural poor, providing a wealth store that can be drawn on in times of need by selling the animal or animal products [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Domestic pigs as potential reservoirs of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Northern Tanzania

et al. 2013

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BackgroundPig keeping is becoming increasingly common across sub-Saharan Africa. Domestic pigs from the Arusha region of northern Tanzania were screened for trypanosomes using PCR-based methods to examine the role of pigs as a reservoir of human and animal trypanosomiasis.MethodsA total of 168 blood samples were obtained from domestic pigs opportunistically sampled across four districts in Tanzania (Babati, Mbulu, Arumeru and Dodoma) during December 2004. A suite of PCR-based methods was used to identify the species and sub-species of trypanosomes including: Internally Transcribed Sequence to identify multiple species; species specific PCR to identify T. brucei s. l. and T. godfreyi and a multiplex PCR reaction to distinguish T. b. rhodesiense from T. brucei s. l.ResultsOf the 168 domestic pigs screened for animal and human infective trypanosome DNA, 28 (16.7%) were infected with one or more species of trypanosome; these included: six pigs infected with Trypanosoma vivax (3.6%); three with Trypanosoma simiae (1.8%); two with Trypanosoma congolense (Forest) (1%) and four with Trypanosoma godfreyi (2.4%). Nineteen pigs were infected with Trypanosoma brucei s. l. (10.1%) of which eight were identified as carrying the human infective sub-species Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (4.8%).ConclusionThese results show that in Tanzania domestic pigs may act as a significant reservoir for animal trypanosomiasis including the cattle pathogens T. vivax and T. congolense, the pig pathogen T. simiae, and provide a significant reservoir for T. b. rhodesiense, the causative agent of acute Rhodesian sleeping sickness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestic pigs as potential reservoirs of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Northern Tanzania

et al. 2013

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“…The indirect impact is related to the opportunity cost of land and other resources currently not used for livestock production owning prevention and control strategies of tsetse flies. The annual losses in meat production alone with estimated at 5 billion US dollars [8]. Economic losses due to trypanosomosis are estimated 2 billion US dollars per year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Dembecha Woreda Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia

Mekonnen¹,

Eshetu²,

Zeryehun³

2017

J Vet Sci Technol

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This study was conducted in Dembecha Woreda of Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia. The study was carried out on 384 indigenous cattle kept in mixed crop-livestock production system to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and associated risk factors. The study employed parasitological survey (buffy coat examination) and hematological study (packed cell volume [PCV] and thin blood smear). In the present study, the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 8.6% (33/384). Trypanosoma congolense (54.54%) and Trypanosome vivax (45.45%) were the only two species of Trypanosomas encountered in the study area. Among the risk factors, sex and age were found to have no significant association with the prevalence of trypanosomosis (p>0.05), but body condition and coat color of animals were found to have a significant association (p<0.05) with prevalence of trypanosomosis in the studied animals. In this study infected animals were with mean PCV value of 22.94 ± 2.70% which is significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of the non-infected animals (27.24 ± 5.02%). The study concluded that Trypanosomosis being an economically important disease in cattle the 8.6% prevalence entail that more attention should be given to be adapting on integrated disease control strategy including the vector as well as the parasites.

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“…Pathogenic trypanosomes cause clinical disease in humans and are an important factor limiting development of domestic livestock in Africa (33).…”

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confidence: 99%

Frequency of diminazene-resistant trypanosomes in populations of Trypanosoma congolense arising in infected animals following treatment with diminazene aceturate

Mamman¹,

Gettinby²,

Murphy³

et al. 1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The frequency of trypanosomes resistant to diminazene aceturate at a dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight was investigated for populations of Trypanosoma congolense IL 3274 which reappeared in infected mice after intraperitoneal treatment with diminazene aceturate at the same dosage. At inoculum sizes of 10 2 , 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , and 10 6 trypanosomes per mouse, the relapse populations were used to initiate infections in five groups of 100 mice each by the intravenous route. Immediately after infection, 50 mice in each group were treated intraperitoneally with diminazene aceturate at the aforementioned dosage; the other 50 mice functioned as untreated controls. Thereafter, all animals were monitored for 100 days for the presence of trypanosomes. In each group, trypanosomes were detected in 50 of 50 control mice, indicating 100% infectivity for all five inoculum sizes. In contrast, in the groups of 50 mice infected with 10 2 , 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , and 10 6 trypanosomes and treated with diminazene aceturate, trypanosomes were detected in 4, 11, 13, 28, and 39 of 50 mice, respectively. By logistic regression, a good fit was found between the number of mice identified as parasitemic and the inoculum sizes. Maximum likelihood estimates for the proportions of trypanosomes resistant to diminazene aceturate at 25 mg/kg of body weight for the inoculum of 10 2 , 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , and 10 6 organisms were 8.335 ؋ 10 ؊4 , 2.485 ؋ 10 ؊4 , 3.02 ؋ 10 ؊5 , 8.3 ؋ 10 ؊6 , and 1.6 ؋ 10 ؊6 , respectively. These findings indicate that the majority of the relapse trypanosomes were susceptible to the drug dosage used for selecting the population and that, surprisingly, the calculated proportion of organisms which survived drug exposure varied inversely with the inoculum size. Further experiments with mice indicated that the inverse relationship did not result from alterations in the pharmacokinetics of the drug with different inoculum sizes. The data therefore suggest that parasite inoculum size and drug dosage are important factors in estimating the apparent frequency of diminazeneresistant trypanosomes in populations of T. congolense occurring in vivo.

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The current situation on animal trypanosomiasis in Africa

Cited by 59 publications

References 2 publications

Domestic pigs as potential reservoirs of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Northern Tanzania

Domestic pigs as potential reservoirs of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Northern Tanzania

Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Dembecha Woreda Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia

Frequency of diminazene-resistant trypanosomes in populations of Trypanosoma congolense arising in infected animals following treatment with diminazene aceturate

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