The crystallization and interfacial bond strength of nylon 6 at carbon and glass fibre surfaces

Bessell, T.; Shortall, J. B.

doi:10.1007/bf00557481

Cited by 86 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Also transcrystalline layers require little energy for failure, suggesting that cracks form readily within them. This is consistent with Bessell and Shortall's [2,3] findings that where there is failure of composites possessing transcrystalline layers, cracks have formed within them.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

“…However, there may be some deleterious effects. Transcrystalline layers have a low strain to failure and this may explain why fibres enclosed in a transcrystalline sheath showed little evidence of necking [2][3][4][5]. Also transcrystalline layers require little energy for failure, suggesting that cracks form readily within them.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Previous workers [2][3][4][5] have reported that transcrystallinity may provide protective sheaths around the fibres, which prevented them necking during tensile loading. This would require a material of high shear yield strength to be present around those fibres; which is consistent with the findings here.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Several workers [2][3][4][5] have examined this topic in composites, without fully characterizing the mechanical properties of the transcrystalline layer. As it is very difficult to establish the properties of such layers in situ in a fibre-reinforced composite, it was decided that the best approach for characterizing the microstructure and properties of the transcrystalline layer would be to study it in isolation, as a two-dimensional analogue.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct study of the structure and properties of transcrystalline layers

Folkes

Hardwick

1987

J Mater Sci Lett

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When a fibre is embedded into a thermoplastic melt it may act as a nucleant for the growth of spherulites. If there are many nucleation sites along a fibre's surface, then the resulting spherulite growth will be restricted in the lateral direction, so that a columnar layer, known as transcrystallinity [1] will develop and enclose the fibre.The presence of anisotropic layers, such as transcrystallinity, has significant implications for the performance of fibre-filled thermoplastics composites. Several workers [2][3][4][5] have examined this topic in composites, without fully characterizing the mechanical properties of the transcrystalline layer. As it is very difficult to establish the properties of such layers in situ in a fibre-reinforced composite, it was decided that the best approach for characterizing the microstructure and properties of the transcrystalline layer would be to study it in isolation, as a two-dimensional analogue.A way of creating such a two-dimensional analogue would be to prepare totally fiat transcrystalline sheets of material. One method of achieving this could be by sandwiching thin layers of a suitable polymer, such as polypropylene, between sheets of a nucleating material, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) in the form of a Melinex sheet. It should then be possible under suitable thermal conditions to obtain transcrystallinity in isolation. For comparison purposes one could also make polypropylene sheets of a differing microstructure by appropriate modifications to the thermal conditions employed during the manufacture of the sheet.For our studies, the polypropylene chosen was the I.C.I. grade GW522M, which has been previously shown [6] to be capable of displaying thick (up to 150#m) and regular transcrystallinity against poly-(ethylene terephthalate) when in the form of Terylene fibres. A typical thickness of a transcrystalline zone is of the order of 50 to 75/~m, so our aim was to produce polypropylene sheets 100 to 150 #m thick.Accordingly, a tape of polypropylene, of 100 to 150/~m thick, was first extruded using a Plasticiser Ltd Fibrillator. Secondly, the tape was sandwiched between two sheets of Melinex, which was then held, in compression, between two glass plates. This arrangement was then kept in an oven held at 200°C for 30 min.In order to produce transcrystallinity, the system was transferred to a separate oven held at 120°C for a further 10 min, after which the tape was quenched in cold water. In addition, a fine spherulitic sheet was prepared by directly quenching the molten tape in cold water.For the microstructural studies, the two types of polypropylene sheet were microtomed, in cross- section. For this purpose, the sheets were stacked together, as six to eight small pieces on to a cold stage, and then cut into 20 to 40/~m thick sections using a steel blade. They were subsequently examined "edge on" under crossed-polars using a Reichert Zetopan microscope. Fig. 1 shows a particularly well-developed transcrystalline morphology, where two transcrystalline layers have gro...

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confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct study of the structure and properties of transcrystalline layers

Folkes

Hardwick

1987

J Mater Sci Lett

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] As the authors [6] had reported earlier, modelling of the various competing variables that determine the efficiency of reinforcement shows that, on the whole, fibre thermoplastics (where the shear modulus of the matrix is G m F 80 MPa) are expected to debond. The work of Eagles et al [7] on the interfacial properties of Kevlar-49 fibre-reinforced thermoplastics described the results of measurements of two main properties, interfacial bond strength and a frictional shear strength, of three different surface treatments of Kevlar with five thermoplastic materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Pull-Out Performance of PPTA Fibres in Composites of Ethylene-Type Ionomer Matrices/PPTA Fibres

Sadiku

Sanderson

2001

Macromol. Mater. Eng.

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Impact Fatigue Behaviour of Rubber-Modified Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyamide 6

Dijkstra¹,

Altstaedt

Mitra

2001

Macromol. Mater. Eng.

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The impact fatigue behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6 with and without impact modifier was studied. The accumulated damage was investigated by means of light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The impact modifiers were found to increase the ductility of the matrix. In particular, the increased resistance to crack initiation and growth during biaxial impact fatigue was demonstrated. The rubber particles cavitate during impact testing and initiate local shearing, thereby reducing the amount of debonding at the fibre ends, as compared to the sample without toughness modifiers. The shearing of the matrix suppresses debonding, matrix flaws at the fibre ends and fibre pull‐out.

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The crystallization and interfacial bond strength of nylon 6 at carbon and glass fibre surfaces

Cited by 86 publications

References 21 publications

Direct study of the structure and properties of transcrystalline layers

Direct study of the structure and properties of transcrystalline layers

A Study of the Pull-Out Performance of PPTA Fibres in Composites of Ethylene-Type Ionomer Matrices/PPTA Fibres

Impact Fatigue Behaviour of Rubber-Modified Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyamide 6

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