The crucial question of standardisation 
when measuring drug consumption

Chauvin, Claire; Madec, F.; Guillemot, Didier; Sandérs, Pascal

doi:10.1051/vetres:2001145

Cited by 56 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In order to assess the correctness of prescription, the following weight indicators were chosen: the defined daily dose (DDD) that is defined as the nationally determined average maintenance dose per day and per kg chicken of a specific drug (Chauvin et al 2001;Jensen et al 2004). For poultry, the DDD was estimated based on the dosages mentioned in the Moroccan Dictionary of Veterinary Drugs (2015) (http://www.dmv-maroc.com/) and on the drug's instruction leaflet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of antibacterial molecules in broiler production in Morocco

Rahmatallah

Rhaffouli

Amine

et al. 2018

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Monitoring the use of antibacterial agents in food-producing animals is crucial in order to reduce antimicrobial resistance, selection and dissemination of resistant bacterial strains, and drug residues in the animal food products. The broiler production sector is considered a great consumer of antibacterials and incriminated in the rise of antimicrobial resistance level in zoonotic bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter. Following recommendations from the OIE and WHO, a survey was conducted about the use and consumption of several antibacterial agents in Moroccan broiler flocks. More than 5 million broilers were randomly surveyed at the prescriber level, that is, via the veterinary clinics involved in their health management. The results showed that 93% of the flocks received at least one antibacterial treatment of minimum 3 days duration. Enrofloxacin, colistin and trimethoprim/sulphonamides were the most used antibacterials followed by oxytetracycline, florfenicol and amoxicillin. Oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and colistin were overdosed in most of the administration, while amoxicillin and the combination of trimethoprim/sulphonamides were under-dosed. The total amount of antibacterial consumed in the survey was 63.48 mg/kg and the Animal Level of Exposure to Antimicrobials (ALEA) was 94.45%. The reasons for this frequent use were related mainly to the poor quality of broiler production management. Chicks and animal feed provided to producers were of variable quality. Management of rearing stock density was often poor and biosecurity inadequate, and broilers were challenged by a high prevalence of infectious diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of antibacterial molecules in broiler production in Morocco

Rahmatallah

Rhaffouli

Amine

et al. 2018

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…A treatment administered in the earliest stages of the rearing period would contribute less to the total consumption than a treatment administered at later stages. This has already been pointed out in estimations of the use of antibiotics in human medicine in both children and adults [9]. Similarly, the contribution of a treatment to the total consumption will depend on whether the administered dosage is greater or smaller than the recommended dosage used to define the ADD, and on the treatment length.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…This is a national unit, but similar to the international DDD, and allows standardisation of medication consumption [9], in this case antimicrobials, by correcting for differences in dosages. Its application has therefore been recommended in studies of antimicrobial use [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pharmaco-epidemiological analysis of factors associated with antimicrobial consumption level in turkey broiler flocks

et al. 2005

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-An on-farm pharmaco-epidemiological survey of 246 turkey broiler flocks from 131 farms was carried out to assess the homogeneity of antimicrobial use between flocks on the same farm and to explore the possible relationships between farm and farmer characteristics and the level of antimicrobial use. The antimicrobial use in each flock was quantified by an invoice study, expressed as the number of national animal daily doses (ADD)/turkey broiler and characterised as "high", "medium" or "low" according to the tertiles of the resulting distribution. Antimicrobial use was then correlated with variables collected from the farmer by means of an alternating logistic regression method which calculates the pairwise odds ratio (PWOR) for within-farm clustering. Two independent models were fitted: (1) "low" versus "medium" + "high" antimicrobial consumption and (2) "high" versus "medium" + "low" antimicrobial consumption. PWOR from the null models were significant (P < 0.005), but only remained significant in the first final model (P = 0.002). Four explanatory variables were retained for both models. Prophylactic antimicrobial administration and veterinarian antimicrobial prescription attaining the farm technical staff's expectation were associated with a higher antimicrobial consumption level. Administration of competitive exclusion flora and compliance with biosecurity rules of changing clothes and shoes before entering the facilities, were associated with a lower antimicrobial consumption level. In the first model, the number of full-time jobs devoted to the turkey production unit (1 versus more than 1) was also found to be associated with the antimicrobial consumption level. The study tends to confirm the feasibility of the adopted approach to quantify antimicrobial use and to determine the factors likely to influence antimicrobial consumption.antimicrobial / pharmaco-epidemiology / alternating logistic regression (ALR) / turkey broiler / animal daily dose (ADD)

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“…To develop effective antibiotic policies and follow their effect, it is necessary to know which drugs are administered to food producing animals and to determine, why, when, and how they are used. However, no study of drug consumption fails to come up against complex problems associated with data acquisition and processing (Chauvin et al, 2001;Grave et al, 1999b). Information about drug usage should directly be collected from pharmaceutical companies.…”

Section: Antibiotic Usementioning

confidence: 99%