The cross-sectional relationships between age, standing static balance, and standing dynamic balance reactions in typically developing children

Conner, Benjamin C.; Petersen, Drew A.; Pigman, Jamie; Tracy, James B.; Johnson, Curtis L.; Manal, Kurt; Miller, Freeman; Modlesky, Christopher M.; Crenshaw, Jeremy R.

doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.07.128

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Perhaps group differences in posterior thresholds would become more evident at older ages. A positive trajectory of posterior thresholds with age in typical development (Figure 3) (15) suggests that this skill is developing. It is reasonable to suggest that limited plantarflexor strength associated with CP (27) is a factor underlying group differences in anterior thresholds (6,7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The single-stepping threshold test is reported in detail in previous publications (15,18). Participants stood on a computer-controlled treadmill (ActiveStep, Simbex®, Lebanon, NH, USA, Figure 1A).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This report focuses on results from balance-reaction tests, which represent part of a larger, single-session protocol more broadly assessing balance, gait, and physical activity. Previous reports that include data from some or all of these participants focused on the relationships of age, standing sway, and balance reactions in typical development (15), gait stability in children with and without CP (16), magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) to evaluate brain stiffness of the two groups (17), and the relationships between balance reaction performance and brain stiffness in children with CP ( In Review ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anteroposterior balance reactions of children with and without cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional, observational study of children age 5-12 years

Crenshaw

Petersen

Conner

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Aim: To compare anterior and posterior standing balance reactions, as measured by single-stepping thresholds, of children with and without cerebral palsy (CP). Method: Seventeen ambulatory children with CP and 28 typically developing children, all 5-12 years of age, were recruited for this cross-sectional, observational study. Balance reaction skill was quantified as anterior and posterior single-stepping thresholds, or the treadmill-induced perturbations that consistently elicited a step in that direction. In order to understand underlying mechanisms of between-group differences in stepping thresholds, dynamic stability was quantified using the minimum margin of stability. Ankle muscle activation latency, magnitude, and co-contraction were assessed with surface electromyography. Results: We observed large between-group differences in anterior, but not posterior, thresholds. Between-group differences were most evident in older children, with typically developing children having larger anterior thresholds than those with CP. In response to near-threshold anterior perturbations, older typically developing children recovered from more instability than their CP peers. Older children had no between-group differences in ankle muscle activity. Interpretation: The effects of CP on balance reactions are age- and direction-specific. In response to an anterior perturbation, older typically developing children recovered from more instability than their peers with CP.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anteroposterior balance reactions of children with and without cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional, observational study of children age 5-12 years

Crenshaw

Petersen

Conner

et al. 2019

Preprint

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…This report focuses on results from balance-reaction tests, which represent part of a larger, single-session protocol more broadly assessing balance, gait, and physical activity. Previous reports that include data from some or all of these participants focused on the relationships of age, standing sway, and balance reactions in typical development, 18 gait stability in children with and without spastic CP, 19 magnetic resonance elastography to evaluate brain tissue viscoelasticity of the two groups, 20 and the relationship between balance reaction performance and brain viscoelasticity in children with spastic CP. 21 What this paper adds…”

Section: Other Study Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The single-stepping threshold test has been reported in detail previously. 18,22 Participants stood on a computer-controlled treadmill (ActiveStep â , Simbex, Lebanon, NH, USA; Fig. 1a) wearing their own well-cushioned, closed-toe shoes.…”

Section: Assessment Of Stepping Thresholdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anteroposterior balance reactions in children with spastic cerebral palsy

Crenshaw

Petersen

Conner

et al. 2020

Develop Med Child Neuro

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Aim To compare anterior and posterior standing balance reactions, as measured by single‐stepping thresholds, in children with and without spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Method Seventeen ambulatory children with spastic CP (eight males, nine females) and 28 typically developing children (13 males, 15 females; age range 5–12y, mean [SD] 9y 2mo [2y 3mo]), were included in this cross‐sectional, observational study. Balance reaction skill was quantified as anterior and posterior single‐stepping thresholds, or the treadmill‐induced perturbations that consistently elicited a step in that direction. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms of between‐group differences in stepping thresholds, dynamic stability was quantified using the minimum margin of stability. Ankle muscle activation latency, magnitude, and co‐contraction were assessed with surface electromyography. Results We observed an age and group interaction for anterior thresholds (p=0.001, partial η2=0.24). At older (≈11y; p<0.001, partial η2=0.48), but not younger (≈7y; p=0.33, partial η2=0.02) ages, typically developing children had larger anterior thresholds than those with CP. In response to near‐threshold anterior perturbations, older typically developing children recovered from more instability than their peers with CP (p=0.004, partial η2=0.18). Older children had no between‐group differences in ankle muscle activity. No between‐group differences were observed in posterior thresholds. Interpretation The effects of CP on balance reactions are age‐ and direction‐specific. Older typically developing children are more able or willing to withhold a step when unstable. What this paper adds Children with spastic cerebral palsy have age‐ and direction‐specific balance‐reaction impairments. Lower anterior stepping thresholds were observed in older, but not younger children. Older typically developing children withheld a forward step at higher levels of instability. No between‐group differences were seen in posterior stepping thresholds.

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The effects of lower extremity static muscle fatigue on balance components

Akyildiz

Sözen²

2022

Sport Sci Health

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The cross-sectional relationships between age, standing static balance, and standing dynamic balance reactions in typically developing children

Cited by 16 publications

References 34 publications

Anteroposterior balance reactions of children with and without cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional, observational study of children age 5-12 years

Anteroposterior balance reactions of children with and without cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional, observational study of children age 5-12 years

Anteroposterior balance reactions in children with spastic cerebral palsy

The effects of lower extremity static muscle fatigue on balance components

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