The cross education of strength and skill following unilateral strength training in the upper and lower limbs

Green, Lara A.; Gabriel, David A.

doi:10.1152/jn.00116.2018

Cited by 47 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…Training of one limb through task repetition improves the performance with the contralateral, untrained limb [9][10][11][12] , a phenomenon known as cross transfer. For instance, increased peak acceleration was observed in both left and right hands performing index finger abduction after the unilateral training of the finger abduction of the right hand 10,13 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Motor cortical circuits contribute to crossed facilitation of trunk muscles induced by rhythmic arm movement

Chiou

Morris

Gou

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Training of one limb improves performance of the contralateral, untrained limb, a phenomenon known as cross transfer. It has been used for rehabilitation interventions, i.e. mirror therapy, in people with neurologic disorders. However, it remains unknown whether training of the upper limb can induce the cross-transfer effect to the trunk muscles. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex (M1) we examined motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the contralateral erector spinae (ES) muscle before and after 30 min of unilateral arm cycling in healthy volunteers. ES MEPs were increased after the arm cycling. To understand the origin of this facilitatory effect, we examined short-interval intracrotical inhibition (SICI) and cervicomedullary MEPs (CMEPs) in neural populations controlling in the ES muscle. Notably, SICI reduced after the arm cycling, while CMEPs remained the same. Using bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in conjunction with 20 min of the arm cycling, the amplitude of ES MEPs increased to a similar extent as with 30 min of the arm cycling alone. These findings demonstrate that a single session of unilateral arm cycling induces short-term plasticity in corticospinal projections to the trunk muscle in healthy humans. The changes are likely driven by cortical mechanisms.

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confidence: 99%

Motor cortical circuits contribute to crossed facilitation of trunk muscles induced by rhythmic arm movement

Chiou

Morris

Gou

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Researchers believe that a hallmark of expertise is the ability to sustain high velocities while demonstrating greater than average or excellent improvements in accuracy (Englehorn, 1997). While we are uncertain of why this ratio improved, previous research in strength literature has shown a decrease in force variation that transferred from contralateral training to the untrained limb (Green et al 2018A). Future research will need to investigate if this underlies the changes we see in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Indeed, extensive research has been done in strength training using very controlled unilateral movements. However, the improvement of motor skills is an important clinical aspect that has been widely overlooked in contralateral training literature (Green et al, 2018A). Recent research (Green et al, 2018B) has demonstrated that training in the contralateral arm reduced variability of force in the ipsilateral arm indicating an increase in skill.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Contralateral Throwing Practice on Throwing Parameters, Isometric Strength, Grip Strength, and Shoulder Range of Motion in High School Baseball Athletes

Gheith¹,

Sharp²,

Stefan³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Baseball throwing is typically done with one dominant arm and after years of throwing the skills becomes autonomous and improvement is slowed. Incorporating training of the non-dominant arm could induce a cross-education effect and assist in improving the dominant throwing arm. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of contralateral (CL) throwing practice on dominant arm throwing accuracy and other parameters in experienced baseball players. Methods 16 male high school baseball players participated in contralateral throwing practice. Each participant was randomly assigned to either contralateral (CL) or control (CON) following a pre-test. Sessions consisted of 30 non-dominant arm throws from a randomized location to a standard catch net, twice a week for 4 weeks. Following the 4 weeks of training, participants were post-tested to determine the effects of the contralateral throwing program. Accuracy percentage, throwing velocity, Accuracy:Velocity ratio, and non-specific throwing parameters were collected to determine the effect of the contralateral throwing program. Results For dominant side throwing accuracy %, significant pre- to post-testing differences were demonstrated in the CL condition (p < 0.05, Pre = 47.4, Post = 54.9). Accuracy:Velocity ratio was statistically significant in the CL condition in pre- to post-test (p < 0.05, Pre = 0.71, Post = 0.86). There were no significant differences detected in non-throwing specific parameters. Conclusion Contralateral throwing practice improved accuracy and Accuracy:Velocity ratio in the dominant arm of the CL group. Use of a contralateral throwing program can be used to improve performance in a well learned, complex, open skill such as baseball throwing.

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“…Resistance training can counter decrease in muscle strength, and increase in muscle strength has been documented through resistance training with ≥60% of maximal muscle strength (10). Indeed, the finding that unilateral training increases muscle strength mainly in the trained lateral limb, but not in the contralateral untrained limb (14), substantiates the effects induced by training on muscles. Unilateral training of both lateral limbs increases unilateral muscle strength but not bilateral strength, whereas bilateral training increases bilateral muscle strength but not the unilateral strength (9,24,32); this phenomenon is known as lateral specificity in resistance training (32).…”

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confidence: 58%

Effects of motor imagery combined with action observation training on the lateral specificity of muscle strength in healthy subjects

et al. 2019

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Unilateral training of both lateral limbs increases unilateral muscle strength, whereas bilateral training increases bilateral muscle strength, a phenomenon known as lateral specificity in resistance training. Although motor imagery (MI) combined with action observation (AO) (i.e., MI + AO) training increases muscle strength, it is not completely understood whether such training increases the lateral specificity of muscle strength in a way resistance training does. To investigate whether MI + AO induces lateral specificity of muscle strength increase, 18 healthy subjects were divided into groups: MI + AO and the control groups. The control group watched a movie of natural sceneries for ten minutes per day five times a week for three weeks, whereas the MI + AO group imagined bilateral shoulder flexion while watching a movie of athletes performing bilateral shoulder flexion with barbells or dumbbells, with the same time schedule. The MI + AO group alone showed a significant increase in bilateral shoulder strength at three weeks after the intervention compared with the baseline. Unilateral shoulder strength was not significantly altered. These results suggest that MI + AO training increases muscle strength, providing evidence that similar to resistance training, lateral specificity also exists in MI + AO training.

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The cross education of strength and skill following unilateral strength training in the upper and lower limbs

Cited by 47 publications

References 65 publications

Motor cortical circuits contribute to crossed facilitation of trunk muscles induced by rhythmic arm movement

Motor cortical circuits contribute to crossed facilitation of trunk muscles induced by rhythmic arm movement

The Effects of Contralateral Throwing Practice on Throwing Parameters, Isometric Strength, Grip Strength, and Shoulder Range of Motion in High School Baseball Athletes

Effects of motor imagery combined with action observation training on the lateral specificity of muscle strength in healthy subjects

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