“…Research equipment, supplies, and facilities rapidly deteriorated (Aldhous & Dorozynski, 1994;Clery, 1994;Mirskaya, 1995;Freemantle, 1997), as did access to scientific literature (Levitin, 1995a;Markusova et al, 1996;Ushkalov & Malakha, 1999). The ranks of scientists were thinned by internal and external 'brain drain' (Ushkalov & Malakha, 1999;Iurevich & Tsapenko, 1998;Gokhberg & Mindeli, 2001: 40), particularly of younger and more accomplished researchers (Matlack, 1997;Letokhov, 1999), and a lack of new recruits to science (Lebedev & Milenin, 1996;Ushkalov, 1997).…”