The Crisis of African American Gender Relations

hooks, bell; Wallace, Michele; Hacker, Andrew; Taylor, Jared D.; Bell, Derrick; Reed, Ishmael; Hare, Nathan; Williams, Rita; Caruso, Cecilia; Nightingale, Carl H.; Sleeper, Jim; Washington, Elsie B.; Webster, Yehudi O.; Tollett, Kenneth S.; Brown, Cecil H.

doi:10.2307/2935286

Cited by 3 publications

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“…Whereas all groups demonstrated some degree of gender difference, Black students were the only racial group in which women expressed significantly greater agreement with the statement ''I wish there were more opportunities for going on dates'' and men expressed significantly greater agreement with the statement ''Any kind of sexual activity is okay as long as both persons freely agree to it'' (results not shown). The conflicting attitudes of Black women and men may be reflective of a larger crisis within Black American gender relations (Hooks et al, 1995;Lawrence-Webb, Littlefield, & Okundaye, 2004;Patterson, 1993). In addition, prior research has indicated that Black women oppose interracial dating in part because they perceive Black men to have more opportunities for interracial dating: Interracial dating is seen as reducing the availability of partners for Black women (Childs, 2005), and quantitative data indicate that Black men's greater propensity for interracial marriage does in fact reduce the availability of (same-race) partners for Black women, especially among the highly educated (Crowder & Tolnay, 2000).…”

Section: The Context and Quality Of Intraand Interracial Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

When Does Race Matter? Race, Sex, and Dating at an Elite University

McClintock

2010

J of Marriage and Family

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When Does Race Matter? Race, Sex, and Dating at an Elite University This paper unites quantitative and qualitative data from the College Social Life Survey (n = 732) to describe and explain patterns of racial homophily in undergraduate sexual/romantic relationships at an elite university, a closed social setting. It expands the literature on interracial romantic unions by comparing homophily in hookups (uncommitted sexual interactions), dates, and long-term relationships. Although this population embodies many characteristics associated with greater racial mixing (youth, education, status equality, geographical proximity, racial diversity, independence from family), racial homophily is still strongly evident. Variation in levels of homophily among relationship types and among racial groups is explained by differences in desired homophily, social network segregation, and participation in formal race-based student organizations. Black students are particularly socially isolated.This paper expands the literature on interracial romantic unions to include hookups, a form of uncommitted and spontaneous sexual encounter that may include sexual intercourse, by comparing patterns of homophily in hookups to

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Section: The Context and Quality Of Intraand Interracial Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

When Does Race Matter? Race, Sex, and Dating at an Elite University

McClintock

2010

J of Marriage and Family

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“…Acknowledging the visible variation in the gender-poverty gap across racial lines, students of social inequality have argued that black women face a greater economic hardship that is not shared by either minority men or white women (Hooks et al 1995;but see Patterson 1993). As Harriet A. Jacobs stated in 1857: "Superadded to the burden common to all, they [black women] have wrongs, and sufferings and mortifications peculiarly their own" (in Patterson 1993: 8).…”

Section: Bureau Of Census 1997)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Racial and ethnic variations in fertility rates also are substantial; Hispanic women, for instance, tend to have higher fertility rates than white, black, and Asian women (Bachu and O'Connell 2001). This pattern increases the dependency ratio (ratio of dependents to earners) of the average Hispanic family.Acknowledging the visible variation in the gender-poverty gap across racial lines, students of social inequality have argued that black women face a greater economic hardship that is not shared by either minority men or white women (Hooks et al 1995; but see Patterson 1993). As Harriet A. Jacobs stated in 1857: "Superadded to the burden common to all, they [black women] have wrongs, and sufferings and mortifications peculiarly their own" (in Patterson 1993: 8).…”

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Race, ethnicity, and the gender poverty gap

Elmelech¹,

Lu²

2004

Social Science Research

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We use data from the Current Population Survey (CPS 1994(CPS −2001 to document the relationship between gender-specific demographic variations and the gender-poverty gap among eight racial/ethnic groups. We find that Black and Puerto Rican women experience a double disadvantage owing to being both women and members of a minority group. As compared with whites, however, gender inequality among other minority groups is relatively small. By utilizing a standardization technique, we are able to estimate the importance of gender-specific demographic and socioeconomic composition in shaping differences in men's and women's poverty rates both within and across racial/ethnic lines. The analysis reveals that sociodemographic characteristics have a distinct effect on the poverty rate of minority women, and that the form and the magnitude of the effect vary across racial/ethnic lines. By incorporating the newly available immigration information in the CPS data, we are also able to document the effect of immigration status on gender inequality. The social and economic implications of the findings for the study of gender inequality are discussed in the last section of the article.Key words: poverty; gender inequality; race and ethnicity; feminization of poverty. 1 Since the late 1970s, the "feminization of poverty" (Pearce 1978), a term referring to a process whereby the poverty population increasingly comprises women and their children, has been receiving growing attention among social scientists (Bianchi 1999). While there is virtual unanimity that American women are more likely than men to fall into poverty, aggregate figures pertaining to the gender gap in poverty mask critical racial and ethnic variations; this is true with respect not only to the magnitude of the gap but also the social and demographic determinants that shape it. Indeed, the "feminization of poverty" thesis was criticized for its failure to recognize that minority women are disproportionately represented among the poor. In the early 1980s, Palmer (1983: 4−5) introduced the phrase "racial feminization of poverty" to reflect the fact that minority women are at greater risk of falling into poverty than either minority men or white women. Recent data on poverty rates in the United States indicate that black, Native American, and Hispanic women are disproportionately represented among the poor, and several studies have pointed to a need to study the distinct patterns and origins of women's poverty across both racial and ethnic lines (Hardy and Hazelrigg 1995;Starrels, Bould, Nicholas 1994;Waters and Eschbach 1995).A second line of critique of the feminization of poverty thesis focuses on the measurement and interpretation of gender disparity in poverty. "From the beginning what the term 'feminization' meant and to whom it referred were not always clear [and] …statistics cited to support the feminization of poverty tended to blur these distinctions" (Bianchi 1999: 309). In the essay, "The Perils of Provocative Statistics," Scanlan (1991) drew on...

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Race, Gender, and Perceived Employment Discrimination

Yang

2021

Journal of Black Studies

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This study investigates the effects of race and gender on perceived employment discrimination using the 2016 General Social Survey that provides new data on perceived employment discrimination that aligns more closely with the legal definition of employment discrimination. It is found that 19% of the American adults self-reported the experience of employment discrimination in job application, pay increase, or promotion in the past 5 years. The results of logistic regression analysis show that either controlling or not controlling for other factors, Blacks were much more likely to perceive being discriminated in employment than Whites, but other races were not significantly different from Whites in perceived employment discrimination after holding other variables constant. While gender did not have a significant independent effect on perceived job discrimination, it did interact with race to influence perceived job discrimination. Regardless of race, women were somewhat less likely than men to perceive job discrimination, but Black women were significantly even less likely than White women to self-report job discrimination, and Black men were much more likely to self-report employment discrimination than White men. These findings have implications for combating employment discrimination and addressing social inequalities.

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The Crisis of African American Gender Relations

Cited by 3 publications

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When Does Race Matter? Race, Sex, and Dating at an Elite University

When Does Race Matter? Race, Sex, and Dating at an Elite University

Race, ethnicity, and the gender poverty gap

Race, Gender, and Perceived Employment Discrimination

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