The cortisol response to awakening in relation to different challenge tests and a 12-hour cortisol rhythm

Schmidt-Reinwald, Astrid K.; Pruessner, Jens C.; Hellhammer, Dirk H.; Federenko, Ilona S.; Rohleder, Nicolas; Schürmeyer, T. H.; Kirschbaum, Clemens

doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00103-4

Cited by 327 publications

(236 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…There is some evidence that the cortisol awakening response might reflect adrenocortical capacity and is not related to the neuroendocrine cortisol responses to acute psychosocial laboratory stress response (Schmidt-Reinwald et al, 1999). We therefore suggest that decreased cortisol awakening responses might be a marker of adrenaocortical dysfunction, rather than changes at higher levels of HPA regulation.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…The cortisol awakening response is considered a reliable marker of the dynamics of the HPA axis and demonstrates moderate to high within-subject stability (Pruessner et al, 1997;Wuest et al, 2000;Edwards et al, 2001). The awakening response appears to be independent from diurnal cortisol secretion and cortisol responses to stress, though it is correlated with the response to standard ACTH adrenocorticotropin stimulation, suggesting that the cortisol awakening response is a marker for adrenocortical reactivity (Schmidt-Reinwald et al, 1999;Edwards et al, 2001). In clinical studies, the cortisol awakening response has been found to be increased in euthymic patients with a history of major depression (Bhagwagar et al, 2003) and persons with high neuroticism (Portella et al, 2004), possibly reflecting risk for depression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decreased cortisol awakening response after early loss experience

Meinlschmidt

Heim

2005

Psychoneuroendocrinology

139

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SummaryEarly loss experience (ELE) due to death or separation is a major risk factor for the development of several psychiatric and physical disorders in adulthood. Few studies have focused on the effects of ELE on neuroendocrine systems, which might mediate this risk in part. The goal of this study was to evaluate salivary cortisol responses to awakening in individuals with and without ELE. A total of 95 healthy college students (29 men, 66 women) completed a questionnaire on ELE and were instructed to collect saliva immediately after awakening and 30 minutes later. Fifty-five of the 95 subjects reported having experienced the separation or divorce of their parents and/or the death of a close relative before the age of 14 years. Subjects with such ELE exhibited decreased salivary cortisol responses to awakening compared to subjects without ELE (net increase: 4.78 nmol/l versus 9.83 nmol/l; t 93 =2.88, p=.005). The effect was most pronounced in individuals who experienced multiple types of ELE, while there were no sex differences. In conclusion, ELE appears to be associated with decreased salivary cortisol responses to awakening. Low cortisol awakening responses are believed to reflect altered dynamics of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, possibly conferring risk for certain stress-related disorders.[200 words]

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Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased cortisol awakening response after early loss experience

Meinlschmidt

Heim

2005

Psychoneuroendocrinology

139

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“…10 While the primary understanding of the HPA axis can be gained by taking three or four salivary cortisol measurements throughout the day, the morning measurement may be the most informative and critical since it provides the largest value to the cortisol levels. 11 Hence, this cross sectional study was undertaken to estimate the levels of serum cortisol and its correlation with salivary cortisol in CAD with and without periodontitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of serum cortisol levels and its correlation with salivary cortisol levels in coronary artery disease patients with and without periodontitis: a cross sectional study

George¹,

Manjunath²,

Manjunath

et al. 2017

Int J Res Med Sci

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Background: Atherosclerosis refers to combination of changes in the intima of arteries, consisting of focal accumulation of lipids, complex carbohydrates, blood and blood products, fibrous tissue, calcium deposits and associated medical changes. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) refers to a group of closely related syndromes that is caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and blood supply.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 63 patients, aged 30-65 years, with known coronary artery disease. Estimation of serum and salivary cortisol levels were assessed with specific ELISA kit for cortisol (R&D Systems) and their comparison was performed in patients with and without periodontitis. Statistical analysis was done using Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson Correlation test.Results: The clinical parameters showed statistically significant association (p<0.001) between coronary artery disease and periodontitis and comparative levels of serum and salivary cortisol displayed varying degrees of positive correlation.Conclusions:Saliva along with serum has great potential as a diagnostic fluid and it showed good correlation with cortisol levels in coronary artery disease patients with and without periodontitis.

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“…Based on these findings, it is proposed that cortisol secreted at awakening and thereafter may have a distinct etiology. Such possibility may arise if distinct genetic and environmental factors are involved (i.e., qualitative differences) and/or because the magnitude of these contributions differs as the day goes by (i.e., quantitative differences) (Bartels et al, 2003a;Edwards et al, 2001;Gustafsson et al, 2011;Kupper et al, 2005;Schmidt-Reinwald et al, 1999;Wilhelm et al, 2007;Wüst, 2000). A direct test of this possibility requires performing multivariate genetic models estimating simultaneously the genetic and environmental contributions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of a unique and common genetic etiology between the CAR and the remaining part of the diurnal cycle: A study of 14 year-old twins

Ouellet‐Morin

Brendgen

Girard

et al. 2016

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Introduction: By and large, studies have reported moderate contributions of genetic factors to cortisol secreted in the early morning and even smaller estimates later in the day. In contrast, the cortisol awakening response (CAR) has shown much stronger heritability estimates, which prompted the hypothesis that the etiology of cortisol secretion may vary according to the time of day. A direct test of this possibility has, however, not yet been performed. Objective: To describe the specific and common etiology of the CAR, awakening level and cortisol change from morning to evening in an agehomogenous sample of twin adolescents. Methods: A total of 592 participants of the Québec Newborn Twin Study, a population-based 1995-1998 cohort of families with twins in Canada, have collected saliva at awakening, 30 minutes later, at the end of afternoon and in the evening over four collection days.Results: Multivariate Cholesky model showed both specific and common sources of variance between the CAR, awakening and cortisol diurnal change. The CAR had the strongest heritability estimates, which, for the most part, did not overlap with the other indicators. Conversely, similar magnitudes of genetic and environmental contributions were detected at awakening and for diurnal change, which partially overlapped. Conclusion: Our study unraveled differences between the latent etiologies of the CAR and the rest of the diurnal cycle, which may contribute to identify regulatory genes and environments and detangle how these indicators each relate to physical and mental health.

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The cortisol response to awakening in relation to different challenge tests and a 12-hour cortisol rhythm

Cited by 327 publications

References 11 publications

Decreased cortisol awakening response after early loss experience

Decreased cortisol awakening response after early loss experience

Estimation of serum cortisol levels and its correlation with salivary cortisol levels in coronary artery disease patients with and without periodontitis: a cross sectional study

Evidence of a unique and common genetic etiology between the CAR and the remaining part of the diurnal cycle: A study of 14 year-old twins

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