The correlations among serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and sialic acids with peripheral lymphocytes in bovine tropical theileriosis

Abstract

The infection with protozoan parasite Theileria annulata induces changes triggering the activation and/or proliferation of the host lymphocytes. In order to find out the possible correlations among peripheral circulatory lymphocytes, cytokine activities and the level of sialic acids, 50 dairy Holstein cattle, naturally infected with T. annulata, were divided into 4 subgroups according to their parasitemia rates (<1%, 1-3%, 3-5% and >5%). Also, ten non-infected cattle were sampled as control group. Blood samples were taken from jugular vein into acid citrate dextrose-containing tubes for measuring hematological parameters and B and T (CD(4) and CD(8)) cell populations and without anticoagulant for TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and sialic acid concentrations. Remarkable decreases observed in red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and packed cell volume (PCV) in infected cattle compared to healthy ones (P < 0.05). Also, with increase in parasitemia rate, total lymphocytes and monocytes alleviated in the diseased groups. By contrast, total neutrohpils and the concentrations of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and total sialic acids were significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in infected animals. Accordingly, the circulatory populations of CD(4) and CD(8) T cells and B cells showed a substantial decrease, while a significant increase was observed in T (CD(4) and CD(8)) cells in cattle infected with <1% parasitemia rates. Decreased circulatory T cell population shows the ineffective responses of T cells to the stimulatory cytokines such as IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha. On the other hand, the elevation of cytokines (particularly IFN-gamma) and sialic acids have presumably an inhibitory role on circulatory B cell population in infected cattle. In addition, a high level of sialic acid concentration indicates the probable role of sialic acid to regulate the parasite-host cell adhesion during sporozoites invasion.

Evaluation of serum sialic acid level in buffaloes naturally infected with Theileria annulata

“…Therefore, the anemia increases concurrent with the parasitemia rates progression. These findings are in accordance with those of (Hasanpour et al 2008 ; Razavi et al 2010 ). According to Singh et al ( 2001 ) the protozoan is responsible for the occurrence of anemia, since the lysis of RBC due to multiplication of piroplasms in RBC is one of the main causes of red cell injury resulting in cell destruction.…”

“…Regenerative anemia occurred together with an increase in the count of reticulocytes, which suggests that the elevation of MCV and the increase in MCHC may be due to extravascular hemolysis of infected erythrocytes. Stockham et al ( 2000 ) and Razavi et al ( 2010 ) found macrocytic-hyperchromic anemia in cattle infected with Theileria buffeli and T. annulata , respectively. Although various evidence has been presented to explain the mechanism of anemia in tropical thieleriosis (Grewal et al 2005 ; Chen et al 2009 ; Saleh et al 2011 ), the exact underlying mechanism(s) of anemia and the complex processes involved is currently unknown.…”

“…It has been demonstrated that sialic acid concentrations are elevated in patients suffering from various diseases (Citil et al 2004 ; Thrall 2004 ). Although, similar studies are available about sialic acids alteration in bovine and ovine piroplasmosis (Razavi et al 2010 ; Esmaeilnejad et al 2014 ), but there are no published reports on sialic acids change associated with tropical theileriosis in buffaloes. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the alterations of serum sialic acids in buffaloes naturally infected with T. annulata .…”

Intracellular Theileria annulata Promote Invasive Cell Motility through Kinase Regulation of the Host Actin Cytoskeleton

“…Previous studies demonstrated a global increase of TNFα in animals parasitized with Theileria [11] and increased TNFα expression in infected macrophages derived both from susceptible and resistant animals [10]. Therefore, we quantified TNFα expression in the three different T. annulata -infected macrophage cell lines TaC12, Thei and TaH12810 by ELISA and qRT-PCR (Fig.…”

“…Earlier studies showed that T. annulata infected mononuclear host cells disseminate as cytokine secreting cells throughout the body in vivo [6]. Cytokines expressed include the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1-ß, IL-6 and TNFα [10], [11]; latter was also linked to the maintenance of infected cell proliferation in T. parva -infected B cells through NF-κB activation [12]. TNFα originally identified as a mediator of inflammatory responses with cytotoxic functions, was recognized more recently as a potential inducer of cancer progression by promoting growth and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells in autocrine and paracrine manner [13].…”