The Correlation of Upwelling Phenomena and Ocean Sunfish Occurrences in Nusa Penida, Bali

Contrasting Habitat Use and Population Dynamics of Reef Manta Rays Within the Nusa Penida Marine Protected Area, Indonesia

“…The ITF brings warmer water (Tillinger, 2011) and nutrients (Ayers et al, 2014) from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean. Deep water upwelling (Ningsih et al, 2013) south of Bali further contributes nutrient rich waters to the region, creating productive foraging grounds within the Nusa Penida MPA for sunfish (Thys et al, 2016;Tito and Susilo, 2017;Nyegaard, 2018), and potentially other megafauna like manta rays.…”

“…The year-round sightings of manta rays and their large population size in the Nusa Penida MPA are likely to be linked to the sustained productivity in the region (Surinati, 2009;Ayers et al, 2014;Tito and Susilo, 2017;Nyegaard, 2018). Food availability and sustained foraging opportunities are thought to be responsible for dictating the size of manta ray populations aggregating in a particular area (Deakos et al, 2011) and the frequency of their pregnancies (Stevens, 2016).…”

“…For example, the largest estimated manta ray population globally is found in the Maldives (Kitchen-Wheeler et al, 2011;Stevens, 2016), where alternating monsoons result in year-round productivity (Anderson et al, 2011). The finescale oceanography of the Nusa Penida area is poorly known at present, though large differences in water temperature, indicating regional upwelling and the potential for nutrient mixing and increased nutrient availability to support primary productivity, were recorded over distances of about 30 km from the northern coast to the south-western coast during research on sunfish populations in the region (Tito and Susilo, 2017;Nyegaard, 2018). Studies that evaluate both the presence/movements of filter feeders and the concurrent biological and physical oceanographic characteristics (Jaine et al, 2012;Rohner et al, 2013) would enhance the understanding of manta ray ecology and the drivers of differential site use, increased seasonal abundance and reproductive behavior in this complex area.…”

Implikasi Upwelling terhadap Produktivitas Perikanan Laut di Indonesia dan Upaya Konservasinya

“…Pada saat fenomena upwelling terjadi pengayaan unsur hara pada perairan laut yang dikuti dengan peningkatan kesuburan perairan dan produktifitas primer (Kemili & Putri, 2012), yang pada akhirnya memicu peningkatan kepadatan plankton dan organisme pelagis lainnya (Nontji, 1987;Rosdiana et al, 2017). Informasi serupa juga diperoleh lewat kajian upwelling di Laut Banda (Moore et al, 2003;Tadjuddah, 2016), Spermonde dan Selat Makassar (Nurdin et al, 2013;Utama et al, 2017), Selatan Jawa (Varela et al, 2016), Bali (Tito & Susilo, 2016), Sumbawa (Taufikurahman & Hidayat, 2017), Teluk Bone dan Laut Flores (Kunarso et al, 2018), Laut Maluku (Atmadipoera et al, 2018), Papua utara (Satrioajie, 2016), dan barat Sumatra (Pratama et al, 2015). Namun, sampai saat ini, tidak semua lokasi upwelling di Indonesia diobservasi secara detail dan memiliki informasi yang lengkap.…”