The Coordination of Cyber and Kinetic Deception for Operational Effect: Attacking the C4ISR Interface

Ormrod, David

doi:10.1109/milcom.2014.26

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The only cyber vigilance tasks documented in the literature to date are owned by The United States Air Force and are outdated simulations of the demands associated with modern network defense (McIntire et al, 2013 ; Mancuso et al, 2015 ; Sawyer et al, 2016 ). Beyond researchers, an accessible experimental test bed for human-in-the-loop studies of cyber vigilance decrement could also provide utility to business, government, and militaries, by informing training, selection, and software development standards (Alhawari et al, 2012 ; Ormrod, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lapses in network defender attention therefore have the potential to cripple the cyber infrastructure being guarded (Thomason, 2013 ; Cavelty, 2014 ). This includes virtual and physical military assets, governmental assets, central banking networks, stock market infrastructure as well as national power and telecommunications grids (Gordon et al, 2011 ; Jolley, 2012 ; Saltzman, 2013 ; Ormrod, 2014 ; Hicks, 2015 ; Skopik et al, 2016 ; Rajan et al, 2017 ). The integrity of these assets hinges on measuring and mitigating neurocognitive inefficiencies in network defenders' capacity to sustain vigilant attention to cyber security command and control consoles (Maybury, 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of cyber vigilance tasks for network defense

Guidetti

Speelman

Bouhlas³

2023

Front. Neuroergonomics

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The capacity to sustain attention to virtual threat landscapes has led cyber security to emerge as a new and novel domain for vigilance research. However, unlike classic domains, such as driving and air traffic control and baggage security, very few vigilance tasks exist for the cyber security domain. Four essential challenges that must be overcome in the development of a modern, validated cyber vigilance task are extracted from this review of existent platforms that can be found in the literature. Firstly, it can be difficult for researchers to access confidential cyber security systems and personnel. Secondly, network defense is vastly more complex and difficult to emulate than classic vigilance domains such as driving. Thirdly, there exists no single, common software console in cyber security that a cyber vigilance task could be based on. Finally, the rapid pace of technological evolution in network defense correspondingly means that cyber vigilance tasks can become obsolete just as quickly. Understanding these challenges is imperative in advancing human factors research in cyber security.CCS categoriesHuman-centered computing~Human computer interaction (HCI)~HCI design and evaluation methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of cyber vigilance tasks for network defense

Guidetti

Speelman

Bouhlas³

2023

Front. Neuroergonomics

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“…Lessons learned through human factors research conducted with the WACDT could significantly enhance the protective capacity of network defense analysts defending critical cyber infrastructures (Maybury, 2012 ). For example, increasing reliance on global cyber infrastructures encompasses virtual and physical assets associated with the military, government, central banking, power distribution, and telecommunications (Gordon et al, 2011 ; Jolley, 2012 ; Saltzman, 2013 ; Ormrod, 2014 ; Hicks, 2015 ; Skopik et al, 2016 ; Rajan et al, 2017 ). The more cyber infrastructures are relied on, the greater the impact of their compromise (Ben-Asher and Gonzalez, 2015 ; Goutam, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The WACDT, a modern vigilance task for network defense

Guidetti,

Speelman,

Bouhlas

2023

Front. Neuroergonomics

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Vigilance decrement refers to a psychophysiological decline in the capacity to sustain attention to monotonous tasks after prolonged periods. A plethora of experimental tasks exist for researchers to study vigilance decrement in classic domains such as driving and air traffic control and baggage security; however, the only cyber vigilance tasks reported in the research literature exist in the possession of the United States Air Force (USAF). Moreover, existent cyber vigilance tasks have not kept up with advances in real-world cyber security and consequently no longer accurately reflect the cognitive load associated with modern network defense. The Western Australian Cyber Defense Task (WACDT) was designed, engineered, and validated. Elements of network defense command-and-control consoles that influence the trajectory of vigilance can be adjusted within the WACDT. These elements included cognitive load, event rate, signal salience and workload transitions. Two forms of the WACDT were tested. In static trials, each element was adjusted to its maximum level of processing difficulty. In dynamic trials, these elements were set to increase from their minimum to their maximum values. Vigilance performance in static trials was shown to improve over time. In contrast, dynamic WACDT trials were characterized by vigilance performance declines. The WACDT provides the civilian human factors research community with an up-to-date and validated vigilance task for network defense accessible to civilian researchers.

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