The Coordinated Mapping of Visual Space and Response Features in Visual Cortex

Yu, Hongbo; Farley, Brandon J.; Jin, Dezhe Z.; Sur, Mriganka

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.011

Cited by 113 publications

(120 citation statements)

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“…V1 neurons are selective for retinal position, eye of presentation, spatial frequency, direction of movement, disparity, length, and perhaps more stimulus features. Of these, there are orderly maps of at least retinotopy, ocular dominance, spatial frequency, and direction [77,78]. Some of these are likely to be emergent cortical phenomena (direction, length), whereas others are clearly delineated by the pattern of thalamocortical afferents (retinotopy, ocular dominance).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local networks in visual cortex and their influence on neuronal responses and dynamics

Schummers¹,

Mariño²,

Sur³

2004

Journal of Physiology-Paris

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Networks of neurons in the cerebral cortex generate complex outputs that are not simply predicted by their inputs. These emergent responses underlie the function of the cortex. Understanding how cortical networks carry out such transformations requires a description of the responses of individual neurons and of their networks at multiple levels of analysis. We focus on orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex as a model system to understand cortical network computations. Recent experiments in our laboratory and others provide significant insight into how cortical networks generate and maintain orientation selectivity. We first review evidence for the diversity of orientation tuning characteristics in visual cortex. We then describe experiments that combine optical imaging of orientation maps with intracellular and extracellular recordings from individual neurons at known locations in the orientation map. The data indicate that excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs are summed across the cortex in a manner that is consistent with simple rules of integration of local inputs. These rules arise from known anatomical projection patterns in visual cortex. We propose that the generation and plasticity of orientation tuning is strongly influenced by local cortical networks-the diversity of these properties arises in part from the diversity of neighbourhood features that derive from the orientation map.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local networks in visual cortex and their influence on neuronal responses and dynamics

Schummers¹,

Mariño²,

Sur³

2004

Journal of Physiology-Paris

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“…Later studies provided evidence of clustering of several other functional-response properties in at least some species, for example, spatial frequency and direction of motion 64 . The traditional approach has been to consider these maps as feature maps with overlapping regions that give rise to selectivity for particular feature combinations 58,92 . However, this interpretation was a consequence of the experimental approach that was used: the different feature maps were discovered one by one, typically by mapping one feature at a time and averaging across all values of the other features.…”

Section: Basic Properties In the Primary Visual Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The retinotopic organization in the primary visual cortex (area v1 in the striate cortex; see FIG. 1a) is a prototypical example of a map: the preferred stimulus position changes smoothly across the cortical surface [57][58][59] . The situation is less clear, however, for other stimulus parameters, such as orientation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Interpreting fMRI data: maps, modules and dimensions

2008

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Neuroimaging research over the past decade has revealed a detailed picture of the functional organization of the human brain. Here we focus on two fundamental questions that are raised by the detailed mapping of sensory and cognitive functions and illustrate these questions with findings from the object-vision pathway. First, are functionally specific regions that are located close together best understood as distinct cortical modules or as parts of a larger-scale cortical map? Second, what functional properties define each cortical map or module? We propose a model in which overlapping continuous maps of simple features give rise to discrete modules that are selective for complex stimuli.Advances in brain imaging technology (especially functional MRI (fMRI)) have radically improved our understanding of the functional organization of the human brain (BOX 1). In this Review we describe the organization of the ventral visual pathway, which is characterized by strong selectivity for particular object categories (for example, faces and bodies) at the level of both individual neurons and larger cortical regions. We then consider two central questions: whether this organization reflects maps or modules, and what properties are mapped. In each case we derive clues from the literature on the primary sensory cortex, in which cortical maps have been studied extensively using electrophysiology in animals. We find that apparently modular cortical regions, such as orientation columns and face-selective regions, might be parts of larger maps, and show that it is a substantial challenge to determine the basic properties and dimensions that describe functional organization most parsimoniously. We then propose a new framework that reconciles the existence of graded cortical maps and distinct functional modules. In this framework, the strong category selectivity that exists for faces and other objects might arise from the nonlinear combination of multiple correlated maps for simpler stimulus properties. The ventral visual pathwayThe ventral visual pathway comprises a large cortical region that occupies the ventral and lateral surfaces of the occipital and temporal lobes (FIG. 1). A substantial proportion of fMRI voxels in this pathway are 'object-selective' -that is, they respond more strongly when people view images of objects than when people view scrambled versions of these objects or texture patterns. This object-selective region is often referred to as the lateral occipital complex (LOC) 1 . The LOC has little selectivity for particular stimulus categories 2-4 , but several regions of NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript cortex near the LOC are selective for particular object categories: they respond at least twice as strongly to their 'preferred' stimuli than to other stimuli. For example, in essentially all humans cortical regions can be found that respond selectively to faces (the fusiform face area (FFA) 5,6 and, in many individuals, the occipital face area (OFA)) 7,8 , to pl...

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“…First, the assessment of resolution has a well-established history in visual psychophysics and can be easily related to the physiological concept of neuronal receptive fields (RFs) . Second, it pertains directly to a major issue and currently active debate in contemporary neuroscience: how the representation of space (and its resolution) "glues" together separate representations of object properties (Treisman 1998;Yu et al 2005). We opted for a design that allowed us to factor out potential effects of crowding (Parkes et al 2001), working memory (Luck and Vogel 1997), and coarse attentional deployment (Treisman 1998;Yu et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, it pertains directly to a major issue and currently active debate in contemporary neuroscience: how the representation of space (and its resolution) "glues" together separate representations of object properties (Treisman 1998;Yu et al 2005). We opted for a design that allowed us to factor out potential effects of crowding (Parkes et al 2001), working memory (Luck and Vogel 1997), and coarse attentional deployment (Treisman 1998;Yu et al 2005). We achieved this by normalizing the spatial resolution for binding features (orientation and color) by the resolution for discriminating features individually (orientation or color), in almost identical stimuli.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Resolution for Feature Binding Is Impaired in Peripheral and Amblyopic Vision

Neri

Levi²

2006

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Neri, Peter and Dennis M. Levi. Spatial resolution for feature binding is impaired in peripheral and amblyopic vision. J Neurophysiol 96: 142-153, 2006. First published January 18, 2006 doi:10.1152/jn.01261.2005. We measured spatial resolution for discriminating targets that differed from nearby distractors in either color or orientation or their conjunction. In the fovea of normal human observers, whenever both attributes are big enough to be individually visible, their conjunction is also visible. In the periphery, the two attributes may be visible, but their conjunction may be invisible. We found a similar impairment in resolving conjunctions for the fovea of deprived eyes of humans with abnormal visual development (amblyopia). These results are quantitatively explained by a model of primary visual cortex (V1) in which orientation and color maps are imperfectly co-registered topographically. Our results in persons with amblyopia indicate that the ability of the fovea to compensate for this poor co-registration is consolidated by visual experience during postnatal development. I N T R O D U C T I O NWe perceive individual objects as possessing multiple attributes: a red ball falls behind a brown fence. This perceptual representation combines four different attributes (color, shape, motion, and depth) and provides an example of feature binding (Treisman 1998).Feature binding can fail (Treisman 1996). When this occurs, normal observers experience illusory conjunctions of physically disjunct features (Treisman and Schmidt 1982;Wolfe and Cave 1999). The failure is chronic in patients with subcortical (Ward et al. 2002) but particularly cortical (Cohan and Rafal 1991) damage like visual neglect (Eglin et al. 1989;Estermann et al. 2000) and Balint's syndrome Robertson et al. 1997), and there is some evidence for impaired binding in schizophrenia (Alain et al. 2002). Our goal was to identify and measure aspects of the visual stimulus that lead to selective failure of feature binding in both normal and pathological vision.We focused on the ability to resolve small visual items. We chose this measure for two reasons. First, the assessment of resolution has a well-established history in visual psychophysics and can be easily related to the physiological concept of neuronal receptive fields (RFs) . Second, it pertains directly to a major issue and currently active debate in contemporary neuroscience: how the representation of space (and its resolution) "glues" together separate representations of object properties (Treisman 1998;Yu et al. 2005). We opted for a design that allowed us to factor out potential effects of crowding (Parkes et al. 2001), working memory (Luck and Vogel 1997), and coarse attentional deployment (Treisman 1998;Yu et al. 2005). We achieved this by normalizing the spatial resolution for binding features (orientation and color) by the resolution for discriminating features individually (orientation or color), in almost identical stimuli.We found that the resolution for binding features is much coarse...

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The Coordinated Mapping of Visual Space and Response Features in Visual Cortex

Cited by 113 publications

References 50 publications

Local networks in visual cortex and their influence on neuronal responses and dynamics

Local networks in visual cortex and their influence on neuronal responses and dynamics

Interpreting fMRI data: maps, modules and dimensions

Spatial Resolution for Feature Binding Is Impaired in Peripheral and Amblyopic Vision

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