The Cooling Effect of Large-Scale Urban Parks on Surrounding Area Thermal Comfort

Aram, Farshid; Solgi, Ebrahim; García, Ester Higueras; Mosavi, Amir; Várkonyi-Kóczy, Annamária R.

doi:10.3390/en12203904

Cited by 52 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…One of the most common of these instruments is cognitive maps [32,41,89]. These maps can represent people's knowledge of places and their importance in people's minds, and can, therefore, be used in outdoor comfort studies to gain an insight into how important people believe a place is in terms of contribution to thermal comfort [7,[9][10][11]. In other words, these maps can help us examine the citizens' perception of places based on their role in creating thermal comfort [43].…”

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confidence: 99%

Urban heat resilience at the time of global warming: evaluating the impact of the urban parks on outdoor thermal comfort

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Background In densely populated urban centers, increased air temperature due to urban heat island (UHI) effect can undermine the thermal comfort and health of citizens. Research has shown that large urban parks can mitigate the effect of UHIs and improve thermal comfort, especially in the warmer months of the year when temperature changes are more noticeable. This study investigated the cooling effect intensity (CEI) of the Retiro Park in the center of Madrid at three different distances from its southern edge and the impact of this cooling effect on thermal comfort from physiological and psychological perspectives. This investigation was performed by measuring microclimate data and conducting a survey simultaneously during the summer days. Results The results showed that the CEI of the park varies with distance from its edge. Because of this effect, air temperature within the 130 m and 280 m distance of the park was, respectively, 1.6 °C and 0.9 °C lower than the temperature at the 520 m distance (the nearest heat island). After examining the effect of the park in terms of physiological equivalent temperature (PET), it was found that the PET at the 130 m and 280 m distance of the park was 9.3% and 5.4% less than the PET in the heat island domain. More than 81% of the respondents (in all three areas) had a mental image of the park as the place where they would experience the highest level of outdoor thermal comfort, and this rate was higher in the areas closer to the park. The analysis of citizens’ responses about perceived thermal comfort (PTC) showed that citizens in areas with higher CEI had perceived a higher degree of thermal comfort from the psychological perspective. Conclusion This study demonstrates the significant role of large urban parks located in the core of the populated cities in providing thermal comfort for citizens from both physiological and psychological perspectives. Additionally, the results of this study demonstrated that among the environmental (natural and artificial) factors around the park (topography, urban structure, etc.), the aspect ratio has the greatest impact on thermal comfort.

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Urban heat resilience at the time of global warming: evaluating the impact of the urban parks on outdoor thermal comfort

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“…The positive impact of urban greenery on cities' microclimates, either as a part of the urban landscape (i.e., street trees, grass and urban parks) or implemented on the buildings' facades (i.e., green roofs and walls), has been widely evaluated in many previous scientific studies [29,[101][102][103][104][105][106]. The reported findings reveal the major role of evapotranspiration and the additional shading of the adjacent ground and buildings' surfaces by the trees' foliage, contributing to lower amounts of solar energy absorbed and stored by the urban surfaces and, consequently, to lower convective and radiative heat fluxes.…”

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Urban Warming and Cities’ Microclimates: Investigation Methods and Mitigation Strategies—A Review

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The increased rates of urbanization and industrialization of the 20th and 21st centuries have dramatically changed the land use and cover of modern cities, contributing to the degradation of the urban microclimate and the rise of the ambient urban air temperatures. Given the multiple negative energy, environmental and social consequences of urban warming, the present paper summarizes the findings of previous studies, assessing the main causes of the phenomenon along with the key investigation methods involving experimental and computational approaches. There follows a description of the most common mitigations, and adaption strategies towards the attenuation of urban warming are described. The analyzed elements include the addition of green spaces such as trees, grass and green roofs; changes on the albedo of the urban surfaces and water-based techniques, as well as a combination of them. The discussion of the reported findings in the existing literature clearly reflects the impact of urban morphology on the outdoor thermal environment, providing also useful information for professionals and urban planners involved at the phase of decision-making.

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“…The characteristics of city air at higher altitudes usually vary from site to site, as they are affected not only by the height of buildings but also the heat condition of the area underneath. Further, thermal comfort and energy consumption in buildings of any given area are influenced by the climate of that area, which can differ from the condition in the city air (Aram, Solgi, Higueras García, Mosavi, & Várkonyi-Kóczy, 2019;Dwivedi, Khire, Mohan, & Shah, 2019;Li, Zhou, Asrar, & Zhu, 2018;Oke, 1988;Osborne & Alvares-Sanches, 2019;Ye et al, 2018).…”

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Computational modeling of land surface temperature using remote sensing data to investigate the spatial arrangement of buildings and energy consumption relationship

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Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics

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The effect of urban form on energy consumption has been the subject of various studies around the world. Having examined the effect of buildings on energy consumption, these studies indicate that the physical form of a city has a notable impact on the amount of energy consumed in its spaces. The present study identified the variables that affected energy consumption in residential buildings and analyzed their effects on energy consumption in four neighborhoods in Tehran: Apadana, Bimeh, Ekbatan-phase I, and Ekbatan-phase II. After extracting the variables, their effects are estimated with statistical methods, and the results are compared with the land surface temperature (LST) remote sensing data derived from Landsat 8 satellite images taken in the winter of 2019. The results showed that physical variables, such as the size of buildings, population density, vegetation cover, texture concentration, and surface color, have the greatest impacts on energy usage. For the Apadana neighborhood, the factors with the most potent effect on energy consumption were found to be the size of buildings and the population density. However, for other neighborhoods, in addition to these two factors, a third factor was also recognized to have a significant effect on energy consumption. This third factor for the Bimeh, Ekbatan-I, and Ekbatan-II neighborhoods was the type of buildings, texture concentration, and orientation of buildings, respectively.

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The Cooling Effect of Large-Scale Urban Parks on Surrounding Area Thermal Comfort

Cited by 52 publications

References 83 publications

Urban heat resilience at the time of global warming: evaluating the impact of the urban parks on outdoor thermal comfort

Urban heat resilience at the time of global warming: evaluating the impact of the urban parks on outdoor thermal comfort

Urban Warming and Cities’ Microclimates: Investigation Methods and Mitigation Strategies—A Review

Computational modeling of land surface temperature using remote sensing data to investigate the spatial arrangement of buildings and energy consumption relationship

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