The Contribution of Traditional Agroforestry to Climate Change Adaptation in the Ecuadorian Amazon: The Chakra System

Torres, Bolier; Maza, Oswaldo Jadán; Aguirre, Patricia; Hinojosa, Leonith; Günter, Sven

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38670-1_102

Cited by 31 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For most migrant settlers and some Kichwa populations in the SBR, the agricultural systems are made up mainly of cash crops, such as pasture for cattle ( Figure 2), cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner), maize (Zea mays L.) and naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam. ), in addition to staple crops, such as yucca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) and peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) [48][49][50][51]. These trends are fairly similar to those found in the northern Ecuadorian Amazon Region [37,39,41] and by Vasco et al [52] and Lerner et al [53] in the central and southern Ecuadorian Amazon Region, respectively.…”

Section: Study Area and Agricultural Contextssupporting

confidence: 70%

“…These trends are fairly similar to those found in the northern Ecuadorian Amazon Region [37,39,41] and by Vasco et al [52] and Lerner et al [53] in the central and southern Ecuadorian Amazon Region, respectively. For most of the Kichwa population, the "Chakra" system is the most common traditional agroforestry system [48,51,54,55]. It is characterized by its high level of biodiversity and high number of timber-yielding and fruit trees [48,51,56,57].…”

Section: Study Area and Agricultural Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For most of the Kichwa population, the "Chakra" system is the most common traditional agroforestry system [48,51,54,55]. It is characterized by its high level of biodiversity and high number of timber-yielding and fruit trees [48,51,56,57]. The chakra in the SBR is also considered a polyculture [48,56], where the principal crops are cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) and nowadays guayusa (Ylex Guayusa Loes) [58,59].…”

Section: Study Area and Agricultural Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These crops grow alongside plants used for medicine, spiritual rituals, making crafts and other consumption purposes [48], as well as together with forest trees (see Vera et al [56]) and fruit trees for consumption and multipurpose materials ( Figure 3). According to Torres and colleagues [51] there are nearly 12,500 ha of cacao cultivated in the chakra system in the buffer and transition areas of the SBR, with the size of chakra plots ranging from 0.5 to 4 ha [51].…”

Section: Study Area and Agricultural Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A possible explanation is that the Kichwa population continues to maintain their traditional agroforestry practices based on subsistence agriculture [74]. They do so by using the "chakra," a traditional agroforestry system, characterized not only as a polyculture [48,56] but also for its high floristic diversity [51,54,75]. Land size is an important factor influencing the H crop_area and NCS in the SBR.…”

Section: Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Agricultural Diversificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of Agricultural Diversification in a Hotspot Area: Evidence from Colonist and Indigenous Communities in the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve, Ecuadorian Amazon

et al. 2018

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With data from a household survey covering migrant settlers and indigenous (Kichwa) communities in the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve (SBR), this study analyses the drivers of agricultural diversification/specialisation, focusing on the role of ethnicity and the livelihood strategies (LS) they follow. Data were collected using the Poverty and Environment Network methodology of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR-PEN). In order to establish the drivers of agricultural diversification, the number of crops and the Shannon index of crops areas were used as the dependent variables in ordinary least square (OLS) models, while a multinomial logit model (MLM) was used to assess a household's degree of diversification. The results of the OLS regression provides evidence supporting the notion that households, with Livestock-based and Wage-based livelihood strategies (LS) are less diversified and more specialized than households with Crop-based LS. Ethnicity has a positive and significant effect on agricultural diversification, with Kichwa farms more diversified than those of their migrant colonist counterparts. The results of the multinomial logit model (MLM) show that large Kichwa households, with Crop-based and Forest-based LS are more likely to adopt a highly diversified agricultural strategy. Based on these findings, we recommend a redirection of agricultural incentives, towards the adoption of diversified agricultural systems, as a strategy to promote more sustainable production systems in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region.

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Section: Study Area and Agricultural Contextssupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Study Area and Agricultural Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Area and Agricultural Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Area and Agricultural Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Agricultural Diversificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of Agricultural Diversification in a Hotspot Area: Evidence from Colonist and Indigenous Communities in the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve, Ecuadorian Amazon

et al. 2018

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Wildlife roadkill patterns in a fragmented landscape of the Western Amazon

Filius

Hoek

Jarrín‐V

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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One of the most evident and direct effects of roads on wildlife is the death of animals by vehicle collision. Understanding the spatial patterns behind roadkill helps to plan mitigation measures to reduce the impacts of roads on animal populations. However, although roadkill patterns have been extensively studied in temperate zones, the potential impacts of roads on wildlife in the Neotropics have received less attention and are particularly poorly understood in the Western Amazon. Here, we present the results of a study on roadkill in the Amazon region of Ecuador; a region that is affected by a rapidly increasing development of road infrastructure. Over the course of 50 days, in the wet season between September and November 2017, we searched for road‐killed vertebrates on 15.9 km of roads near the city of Tena, Napo province, for a total of 1,590 surveyed kilometers. We recorded 593 dead specimens, predominantly reptiles (237 specimens, 40%) and amphibians (190, 32%), with birds (102, 17%) and mammals (64, 11%) being less common. Recorded species were assigned to three functional groups, based on their movement behavior and habitat use (“slow,” “intermediate,” and “fast”). Using Ripley's K statistical analyses and 2D HotSpot Identification Analysis, we found multiple distinct spatial clusters or hotspots, where roadkill was particularly frequent. Factors that potentially determined these clusters, and the prevalence of roadkill along road segments in general, differed between functional groups, but often included land cover variables such as native forest and waterbodies, and road characteristics such as speed limit (i.e., positive effect on roadkill frequency). Our study, which provides a first summary of species that are commonly found as roadkill in this part of the Amazon region, contributes to a better understanding of the negative impacts of roads on wildlife and is an important first step toward conservation efforts to mitigate these impacts.

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Changes of Land Use and Land Cover in Hotspots Within the Western Amazon: The Case of the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve

Cayambe

Torres

Cabrera

et al. 2022

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems

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The Contribution of Traditional Agroforestry to Climate Change Adaptation in the Ecuadorian Amazon: The Chakra System

Cited by 31 publications

References 27 publications

Determinants of Agricultural Diversification in a Hotspot Area: Evidence from Colonist and Indigenous Communities in the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve, Ecuadorian Amazon

Determinants of Agricultural Diversification in a Hotspot Area: Evidence from Colonist and Indigenous Communities in the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve, Ecuadorian Amazon

Wildlife roadkill patterns in a fragmented landscape of the Western Amazon

Changes of Land Use and Land Cover in Hotspots Within the Western Amazon: The Case of the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve

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