The contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition and source-memory judgments: A formal dual-process model and an analysis of receiver operating characterstics.

Yonelinas, Andrew P.

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.25.6.1415

Cited by 305 publications

(665 citation statements)

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“…While these results do not discount time as a valid source in episodic memory as it can be retrieved using recollection, they do highlight that there are instances in which the retrieval of temporal information violates the assumptions of source memory under the dual process theory, where memory for a source is argued to rely on recollection alone (Yonelinas, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…However, for other events sources are encoded as separate units from the item and so memory of the event requires an association to be made between item and source. Retrieval of this integrated memory requires recollection (Diana et al 2011;Diana et al 2008;Yonelinas, 1999). In the case of the present study, itemcontext associations might have been encoded through the latter process, where weather conditions were encoded as a separate unit to the object.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…In the case of the present study, itemcontext associations might have been encoded through the latter process, where weather conditions were encoded as a separate unit to the object. On the contrary, sequence information might instead be encoded as a feature of the item itself similar to colour and size, thus enabling the use of familiarity in correct retrieval (Yonelinas, 1999(Yonelinas, , 2002. It has been suggested that some associative memory might be influenced by a degree of familiarity, such as temporal order judgments relying on the trace strength of an item to be placed in time (Yonelinas, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disambiguating past events: Accurate source memory for time and context depends on different retrieval processes

Persson

Ainge

O'Connor

2016

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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Please cite this article as: Persson, B.M., Ainge, J.A., O'Connor, A.R., Disambiguating past events: Accurate source memory for time and context depends on different retrieval processes, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (2016), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.nlm.2016.05.002 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. These models aim to capture the testable features of the definition of human episodic memory which stresses the temporal component of the memory as a unique piece of source information that allows us to disambiguate one memory from another. Recently though, it has been suggested that a more accurate model of human episodic memory would include contextual rather than temporal source information, as humans' memory for time is relatively poor. Here, two experiments were carried out investigating human memory for temporal and contextual source information, along with the underlying dual process retrieval processes, using an immersive virtual environment paired with a 'Remember-Know' memory task. Experiment 1 (n = 28) showed that contextual information could only be retrieved accurately using recollection, while temporal information could be retrieved using either recollection or familiarity.Experiment 2 (n = 24), which used a more difficult task, resulting in reduced item recognition rates and therefore less potential for contamination by ceiling effects, replicated the pattern of results from Experiment 1. Dual process theory predicts that it should only be possible to retrieve source context from an event using recollection, and our results are consistent with this prediction. That temporal information can be retrieved using familiarity alone suggests that it may be incorrect to view temporal context as analogous to other typically used source contexts. This latter finding supports the alternative proposal that time since presentation may simply be reflected in the strength of memory trace at retrieval -a measure ideally suited to trace strength interrogation using familiarity, as is typically conceptualised within the dual process framework.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disambiguating past events: Accurate source memory for time and context depends on different retrieval processes

Persson

Ainge

O'Connor

2016

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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“…Dual-process model analyses-Finally, we analyzed the old-new ROCs in terms of the dual-process model of Yonelinas (1994Yonelinas ( , 1999aYonelinas ( , 1999b to provide model-based estimates of recollection and familiarity. This analysis served two purposes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Word frequency and receiver operating characteristic curves in recognition memory: Evidence for a dual-process interpretation.

Arndt¹,

Reder²

2002

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Dual-process models of the word-frequency mirror effect posit that low-frequency words are recollected more often than high-frequency words, producing the hit rate differences in the wordfrequency effect, whereas high-frequency words are more familiar, producing the false-alarm-rate differences. In this pair of experiments, the authors demonstrate that the analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves provides critical information in support of this interpretation. Specifically, when participants were required to discriminate between studied nouns and their plurality reversed complements, the ROC curve was accurately described by a threshold model that is consistent with recollection-based recognition. Further, the plurality discrimination ROC curves showed characteristics consistent with the interpretation that participants recollected low-frequency items more than high-frequency items.One of the most replicable empirical results in the recognition memory literature is the wordfrequency effect. The word-frequency effect is the finding that low-frequency words show superior recognition relative to high-frequency words, both in terms of a higher hit rate and a lower false-alarm rate (Glanzer & Bowles, 1976;Gorman, 1961). Such a pattern of results (i.e., that higher hit-rates are often accompanied by lower false-alarm rates) has been dubbed the mirror effect by Glanzer and colleagues (Glanzer & Adams, 1985;Glanzer, Adams, Iverson, & Kim, 1993). Although the mirror effect is more general than manipulations of word frequency (e.g., encoding manipulations such as increased study time also produce mirror effects; Hirshman, 1995;Ratcliff, Clark, & Shiffrin, 1990;Stretch & Wixted, 1998), accounting for the word-frequency mirror effect has proven especially difficult for many theories of recognition memory. In particular, the word-frequency mirror effect has been difficult for global matching models (Gillund & Shiffrin, 1984;Hintzman, 1988;Murdock, 1982) to explain. The reason for this is simple: Models that assume that a single strength dimension underlies recognition memory must explain why low-frequency words show lower levels of memory strength than high-frequency words when they are unstudied but higher levels of memory strength when they are studied.In light of the difficulty that strength-based single-process models have faced in explaining the mirror effect in general, and the word frequency effect in particular, new theories have been proposed that account for mirror effects, including the word-frequency effect. Some of these theories maintain the assumption that a single process underlies recognition memory

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“…Equation 5 is the version of the dual-process model that has been used for mirror effect data (e.g., Arndt & Reder, 2002) as well as for recognition data (cf. Yonelinas, 1999, Equations 1 and 2). 6 The tables presented above show fit statistics for fits of the dual-process model to the current data.…”

Section: The Dual-process Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mirror effect and mixture signal detection theory.

DeCarlo¹

2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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The mirror effect for word frequency refers to the finding that low-frequency words have higher hit rates and lower false alarm rates than high-frequency words. This result is typically interpreted in terms of conventional signal detection theory (SDT), in which case it indicates that the order of the underlying old item distributions mirrors the order of the new item distributions. However, when viewed in terms of a mixture version of SDT, the order of hits and false alarms does not necessarily imply the same order in the underlying distributions because of possible effects of mixing. A reversal in underlying distributions did not appear for fits of mixture SDT models to data from 4 experiments.Keywords: mirror effect, signal detection theory, mixture modelsThe mirror effect (Glanzer & Adams, 1985, 1990) is a general phenomenon in recognition memory that has been studied with a number of variables, most often with word frequency. In that case, the mirror effect refers to the finding that low-frequency words have higher hit rates and lower false alarm rates than highfrequency words. This result is usually interpreted in terms of (unequal variance) signal detection theory (SDT), in which case it implies that the order of the underlying old item distributions mirrors the order of the new item distributions, just like the observed hit and false alarm rates. Figure 1 illustrates the interpretation of the mirror effect in terms of conventional SDT; note that the relative spacing and relative variances of the normal distributions shown in the figure are consistent with those found below (with the exception that the distributions in Figure 1 are spaced further apart for visual clarity). The figure shows that the mirror effect consists of two fundamental aspects (Glanzer & Adams, 1985). The first is that the distribution for high-frequency new (HN) words is to the right of that for low-frequency new (LN) words. This suggests that HN words are more familiar than LN words, as expected because highfrequency words are more commonly encountered. A second aspect of the mirror effect is that the distribution for low-frequency old (LO) words is to the right of that for high-frequency old (HO) words. Thus, when one studies the words, the less familiar lowfrequency words are strengthened more than the high-frequency words, with the result that the order of old item distributions mirrors that for new item distributions (i.e., the order is reversed); note that the SDT distance parameter dЈ is therefore larger for low-frequency words than for high-frequency words.It should be recognized that in order for the mirror effect to hold, both aspects noted above must be present-that is, the HN word distribution must be to the right of the LN distribution and the LO distribution must be to the right of the HO distribution. Simply finding a larger value of dЈ for low-frequency words is not sufficient to demonstrate the mirror effect, as was noted by Glanzer and Adams (1990), who gave examples in which the mirror effect does not appear. In on...

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The contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition and source-memory judgments: A formal dual-process model and an analysis of receiver operating characterstics.

Cited by 305 publications

References 65 publications

Disambiguating past events: Accurate source memory for time and context depends on different retrieval processes

Disambiguating past events: Accurate source memory for time and context depends on different retrieval processes

Word frequency and receiver operating characteristic curves in recognition memory: Evidence for a dual-process interpretation.

The mirror effect and mixture signal detection theory.

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