The contribution of interleukin-2 to effective wound healing

Abstract

Ineffective skin wound healing is a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Roughly 6.5 million Americans experience chronically open wounds and the cost of treating these wounds numbers in the billions of dollars annually. In contrast, robust wound healing can lead to the development of either hypertrophic scarring or keloidosis, both of which can cause discomfort and can be cosmetically undesirable. Appropriate wound healing requires the interplay of a variety of factors, including the skin, the local microenvironment, the immune system, and the external environment. When these interactions are perturbed, wounds can be a nidus for infection, which can cause them to remain open an extended period of time, or can scar excessively. Interleukin-2, a cytokine that directs T-cell expansion and phenotypic development, appears to play an important role in wound healing. The beststudied role for Interleukin-2 is in influencing T-cell development. However, other cell types, including fibroblasts, the skin cells responsible for closing wounds, express the Interleukin-2 receptor, and therefore may respond to Interleukin-2. Studies have shown that treatment with Interleukin-2 can improve the strength of healed skin, which implicates Interleukin-2 in the wound healing process. Furthermore, diseases that involve impaired wound healing, such as diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus, have been linked to deficiencies in Interleukin-2 or defects Interleukin-2-receptor signaling. The focus of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the role of Interleukin-2 in wound healing, to highlight diseases in which Interleukin-2 and its receptor may contribute to impaired wound healing, and to assess Interleukin-2-modulating approaches as potential therapies to improve wound healing.

The impact of quercetin on wound healing relates to changes in αV and β1 integrin expression

“…Another avenue of further experimentation would be to explore quercetin's effects on other cell types that participate in wound healing, including skin cells such as melanocytes or keratinocytes, immune participants in wound healing such as neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes or histiocytes, or cells that mediate neovascularization such as smooth muscle cells or vascular endothelial cells. 1 A more complete examination of the impact of quercetin on all the cells present at the wound site would not only improve our understanding of how quercetin could prevent the formation of ECM fibers in wounds and thereby decrease scarring but might also help identify other therapeutic targets by which wound healing could be improved. Thus, more work is needed to better understand the mechanism by which quercetin improves wound healing to fully utilize its therapeutic potential.…”

“…1 These larger, slow to heal wounds can be problematic and can lead to significant sequelae or even death. It is estimated that more than 6.5 million Americans were afflicted with chronic wounds in 2009.…”

Biomarkers of Wound Healing

“…Interleukin 1 is primarily sourced from macrophages in the event of injury, infection, and antigenic challenge although the epidermal, epithelial, lymphoid, and vascular Wound Healing -Current Perspectives tissues also serve as reservoirs for the polypeptide [11]. The actions of IL-1 span from systemic changes in the neurological, hematologic, endocrinologic, and metabolic systems to some local effects that are particularly relevant in wound healing [12]. By influencing both destructive and repair processes, it contributes the mesenchymal tissue remodeling, and it does so by influencing quite a number of cells.…”

Licorice cream promotes full-thickness wound healing in Guinea pigs

“…Also Gly, with the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, and IL-12 increase antibody production [33]. Interleukin-2, as a cytokine with effect on the T-cell, has a key role in wound healing [5]. It was shown that G. glabra, is effective for the treatment of skin diseases such as dermatitis, eczema and psoriasis.…”

“…So, trying to quickly close the cutaneous wound with functional and aesthetic results would be ideal goal of treatment [4]. On the other hand, impaired wound healing is the main source of mortality and morbidity, that is associated with high costs [5]. Natural products are safe, less side effect, cultured acceptability and with having excellent physiological properties are the source of new treatments for cutaneous wound healing [6].…”