The Contribution Of Heterogeneous And Homogeneous Catalysts Towards Biodiesel Quality

Abstract

Homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts are two types of catalysts used in the transesterification reaction process to produce biodiesel. Homogeneous catalysts that are commonly used are NaOH and KOH, while heterogeneous catalysts are CaO, super base CaO and Zeolite. This research was conducted to determine the contribution of catalysts NaOH, CaO, super base CaO, and zeolite to the quality of biodiesel produced from bulk palm oil, The reaction process is carried out in a Stirred Tank Flow Reactor equipped with a condenser. The results showed that the use of homogeneous catalysts could increase the acquisition of biodiesel but generally triggered high acid levels in the reaction products. Whereas heterogeneous catalysts can reduce biodiesel acid numbers, although the acquisition of biodiesel is lower than homogeneous catalysts.

Novel cellulose supported 1,2-bis(4-aminophenylthio)ethane Ni(ii) complex (NiII(BAPTE)(NO3)2-Cell) as an efficient nanocatalyst for the synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives

“…The three most important classes of these substances are enzymes, homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts. 3 Enzymes have been used as biocatalysts in biochemical and chemical processes for a long time. 4,5 Homogeneous catalysts have better performance than heterogeneous catalysts due to their better dispersion and co-phase with the reaction mixture, but the problem with their use is that it is difficult and almost impossible to separate them from the reaction medium and reuse them.…”

Catalytic renovation of non‐edible oil to biodiesel production through sulfated Mg‐Al 2 O 3 (10) catalysts

“…Various types of esterification reactions are available, in which catalytic transformation is more advantageous over others because of its easy separation, reusability, and long‐term stability. Homogenous catalysts such as H 2 SO 4 , HCl, KOH, NaOH, and HNO 3 are more active and commercialized 26 . But these catalyst are hazardous and more difficult to separate or remove due to presence of S, N, Cl, and K 26 .…”

“…Homogenous catalysts such as H 2 SO 4 , HCl, KOH, NaOH, and HNO 3 are more active and commercialized 26 . But these catalyst are hazardous and more difficult to separate or remove due to presence of S, N, Cl, and K 26 . In the recent decades, heterogeneous catalysts have been utilized more compared to homogeneous catalysts 22,27 .…”

Properties of Biodiesel Purified by Membrane Technology

“…To accelerate the process of transesterification, catalysts derived from alkali group elements such as NaOH, KOH, CH 3 ONa, and CH 3 OK catalysts can provide high conversion and reaction rates [3]. Besides, several other catalysts that have also been developed for the use are super base CaO and zeolite which can be synthesized from materials that are available in the abundance of nature [4]. Transesterification reaction between triglycerides and methanol produces a mixture consisting of biodiesel, impurity components such as soap, catalyst, glycerol, the remaining methanol, and unreacted triglycerides.…”