The contribution of gasoline fuelled vehicle exhaust to the UK speciated hydrocarbon inventory

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene concentrations in atmospheric ambient air of gasoline and CNG refueling stations

“…Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, known as BTEX, are environmentally important VOCs and emitted into the atmosphere from both artificial and natural sources (Caselli et al 2010;Davil et al 2013;Fazlzadeh Davil et al 2012;Liu et al 2009;Sturaro et al 2010;Tiwari et al 2010). These compounds are used as raw materials or solvents in various industries and released into the environment through evaporation, leaking from underground fuel tanks as a result of poor maintenance, vehicle exhaust emissions, combustion of fossil fuels, and evaporative emissions from refueling vehicles, and therefore, traffic-related sources are considered as the most important sources for indoor and outdoor ambient air pollution (Bailey and Eggleston 1993;Bauri et al 2015;Caselli et al 2010;Esteve-Turrillas et al 2007;Rad et al 2014;Singh et al 1992;Truc and Kim Oanh 2007). Sources for BTEX in indoor environments include infiltration of outdoor air pollution, smoking, paints, adhesives, and other VOC-emitting materials utilized in building interiors (Hazrati et al 2015;Singh et al 1992;WHO 2000).…”

Source Profiles and Ozone Formation Potentials of Volatile Organic Compounds in Three Traffic Tunnels in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

“…[2][3][4] Extensive research has been conducted to determine the emission factors such as CO, NO x , and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) from various types of automobiles, including passenger cars and light-duty and heavy-duty trucks either by dynamometric tests or by measurements in road tunnels. [5][6][7][8][9][10] Such information has helped to evaluate total traffic emissions locally or regionally. Understanding the chemical compositions of hydrocarbons for proper evaluation of source contributions to ambient air quality is essential, because various chemical species of VOCs may have different photochemical reactivities and potentials for forming ozone.…”

Temporal variability of benzene concentration in the ambient air of Delhi: A comparative assessment of pre- and post-CNG periods

“…[9]. Bailey and Eggleston [10] and Field et al [11], identified that fuel combustion and evaporation are the two main types of benzene emission sources coming from petrol driven motor vehicles. Benzene forms a large portion of fuel evaporative losses because of its higher volatility [12]; thus composition of benzene in the vehicular fuel is also a determining factor for its concentration in the atmosphere.…”