The content of triterpene saponins and phenolic compounds in American ginseng hairy root extracts and their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties

Abstract

Panax quinquefolium is a perennial herb of the Araliaceae family native to North America. Its roots have been used in traditional and Chinese medicine. The aim of this study was to determine the phenolic profile of methanolic extracts of P. quinquefolium hairy roots cultivated in flasks and a bioreactor, as well as extracts from the roots of three-year-old field-grown plants. Additionally, the phenol and ginsenoside components of the tested extracts were identified by HPLC, and their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties were evaluated. The antioxidant effect was evaluated by FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and ABTS ([2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation scavenging tests, and their effect on the viability of the glioblastoma cell (T98G) line was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of 16 phenolic compounds identified as phenolic acids (ten compounds) or flavonoids (six compounds). The highest phenol content was observed in the transformed roots of flask-grown P. quinquefolium (1.6 mg g −1 d.w.), followed by these grown in the bioreactor (1.1 mg g −1 d.w.). However, the highest ginsenoside content was found in the roots of the naturally-cultivated plants (67.6 mg g −1 d.w.). The methanolic extracts from hairy root culture of P. quinquefolium appear to have significant antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. Such transformed American ginseng root cultures could represent a potential source of bioactive metabolites for the food or pharmaceutical industry. Key message First time phenolic compound level, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties were estimated in hairy root cultures of Panax quinquefolium cultivated in flasks and nutrient sprinkle bioreactor. Ginsenosides content was also determined.

Ginsenoside and phenolic compounds in hydromethanolic extracts of American ginseng cell cultures and their antioxidant properties

“…Our results confirm the findings of previous studies, which indicate that phenolic compounds are the main antioxidant components in plants and that their level is closely related to the plant antioxidant potential [35,37]. Similar observations were made for ginseng roots grown under different conditions; phenolic compounds were found to have a stronger influence on antioxidant activity than saponins [17].…”

“…However, FRAP analysis has found that the for ginseng, cell cultures have better antioxidant potential than embryogenic callus cultures, as well as shoots and hairy roots of P. quinquefolium growing in vitro [3,17].…”

“…They regulate the function of the nervous, hormonal, cardiovascular, and immunological systems and have demonstrated P. quinquefolium in our laboratory. In addition, our previous studies have investigated ginsenoside and total phenolic contents in the shoots [3] and hairy roots of P. quinquefolium [17]. Through, these studies, we also described the optimal growth conditions required by the culture for increased production of the bioactive compounds [2,18].…”

Optimization of Extraction of Polyphenol from Panax Quinquefolius L. Using Central Composite Design/Response Surface Methodology

“…The main ingredients of P. quinquefolius L. are saponins, and also contain rich polysaccharides, volatile oils, and polyphenol. [3,4] In the research of polyphenols, it mainly focuses on the study of flavonoids, [5] and for the study on total polyphenols, only Wang Lijun conducts research on the polyphenol content of six saponins obtained by different elution and extraction methods from P. quinquefolium L. [6] The extraction and optimization of total polyphenols from P. quinquefolium L. have not been reported.…”

Panacis Quinquefolii Radix: A Review of the Botany, Phytochemistry, Quality Control, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Industrial Applications Research Progress

“…And PQR crude polysaccharide also has obvious free radical scavenging effect ( Yu et al, 2014 ). And the antioxidant activities of ginsenosides and phenolic acids in PQR could be improved by ABTS (scaling of free radicals) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) ( Kochan et al, 2019 ).…”