Panacis Quinquefolii Radix: A Review of the Botany, Phytochemistry, Quality Control, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Industrial Applications Research Progress

Abstract

On January 2, 2020, The National Health Commission and the State Administration for Market Regulation listed Panacis Quinquefolii Radix (PQR) as a medicinal and food homologous product. PQR is the dry root of Panax quinquefolium L., which has the functions of replenishing qi and nourishing Yin, clearing heat and producing body fluid. It is often used for qi deficiency and Yin deficiency, heat exhaustion, asthma and phlegm, dry mouth and pharynx. PQR is sweet, slightly bitter and cool in nature, and enter the heart, lung and kidney meridian exerts the remedial and hygienical effect. At present, active components such as saponins, flavonoids, fatty acids, polyalkynes, volatile oils and other nutrients such as amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements have been isolated from PQR. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that PQR has the effects of hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, anti fatigue, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective and so on. In addition, PQR is recognized as a health care product to strengthen the body and dispel diseases. It is not only the raw material of Traditional Chinese medicine preparations, but also the treasure of dietary therapy and herbal cuisine. This study not only reviewed the botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of PQR, but also summarized its quality control, toxicity and industrial applications for the first time. This paper not only summarizes the development status of PQR, but also analyzes the shortcomings of the current research on PQR, and puts forward the corresponding solutions, in order to provide reference for future scholars to study PQR.

Identification of metabolites in plasma related to different biological activities of Panax ginseng and American ginseng

“…The pathways of PI3K‐Akt, 48,49 Wnt, 50 ATM, 51 dopaminergic synapse, 18,52 ECM–receptor interaction, 53 glutathione metabolism, 54 renin secretion 55,56 and adherens junction 57 were related to differential metabolites of the PG group. The pathways of AKT, 58 linoleic acid metabolism, 59 FoxO, 60 ceramide, 61,62 cell adhesion molecules 21 and adipocytokine 63 were related to differential metabolites of the AMG group. KEGG enrichment analysis was also performed to show the pathways in which the differential metabolites were involved (Figure 5).…”

“…PG has the effects of exciting the nervous system, 17 raising blood pressure 3 and aphrodisiac 18,19 effects, while AMG shows significant bioactivities in inhibiting the nervous system 17,20 and antihypertensive effects. 21 However, there are few reports on the material basis and mechanism of different biological effects between PG and AMG.…”

“…; PG) and American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolium L.; AMG) 2–5 are two different medicinal herbs belonging to the Panax genus in the Acanthopanax family, which have pharmacological effects in enhancing the immune system, 2,6 protecting the cardiovascular system, 7,8 regulating the central nervous system, 9,10 having anti‐inflammatory 11,12 and antitumor 13,14 effects, lowering blood sugar, 15 reducing blood fat, 16 etc. PG has the effects of exciting the nervous system, 17 raising blood pressure 3 and aphrodisiac 18,19 effects, while AMG shows significant bioactivities in inhibiting the nervous system 17,20 and antihypertensive effects 21 . However, there are few reports on the material basis and mechanism of different biological effects between PG and AMG.…”

Memory enhancement effect of saponins from Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves and blood–brain barrier-permeated saponins profiling using a pseudotargeted monitoring strategy

“…3,4 Although E. senticosus is called Siberian ginseng in folk, it is different from other ginseng species belonging to genus Panax. Compared with the other ginsengs such as the Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and Panax japonicusis, [5][6][7] E. senticosus is more unique in its effects of brain-tonifying and tranquillizing. As a type of commonly existing constituent in ginsengs, saponins usually distribute in the roots and rhizomes, but for E. senticosus the saponins in the leaves are much more abundant rather than in the other parts.…”

Revealing the Impact of the Environment on the Ginsenosides in American Ginseng from Three Scales: Bioclimatic Factors, Soil Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Communities

“…Natives to Canada and the United States, American ginseng was rst introduced to China in 1975 and is now widely planted in Jilin, Beijing, Shandong and many other places [18]. At present, China is the world's largest American ginseng consumer country and the third largest American ginseng producing country in the world [19].…”