“…Studies thus far may be loosely grouped into three overlapping categories: place promotion; representations of gender, race and sexuality; and the advertising industry itself. The rst of these is the most developed: there are numerous works devoted to the promotion and marketing of Downloaded by [Northeastern University] at 17:10 18 November 2014 speci c geographic localities, particularly tourist destinations (Ashworth & Voogd, 1990;Bryce et al, 1991;Burgess, 1982Burgess, , 1990Sack, 1992;Goss, 1993;Kearns & Philo, 1993;Gold & Ward, 1994;Urry, 1995); several studies on the ways places themselves are used to contextualise commodities (Sack, 1988;Fleming & Roth, 1991;Miller, 1991); and at least one examination of the relationship of advertising signs to the places where they are situated (Weightman, 1988). The second set includes studies on such topics as the masculinist portrayal of men and women in promotional campaigns for the British military and the English National Opera (Jackson, 1991); the cultural politics of irony employed through representations of masculinity and femininity in televised beer advertisements (Jackson & Taylor, 1996); the way advertisements may reinforce 'traditional' notions of femininity-domesticity, nature, the home-to resituate woman inside private space (Leslie, 1993); the representation, speci cally the racialisation, of black characters in American and British television advertisements (Taylor, 1997); and the use of black male celebrities-and their associated positive attributes of athleticism and sexuality-to reposition and endorse a soft drink (Jackson, 1994).…”