The congruency sequence effect transfers across different response modes

Weissman, Daniel H.; Colter, Katelyn M.; Drake, Brittany; Morgan, Christina

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.08.010

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The main focus of this study was to investigate age-related changes in dynamic adjustments of cognitive control as indexed by the CSE. The typical CSE pattern in reaction time was observed in both tasks and was larger in the Simon compared to the flanker task, replicating an effect reported by Weissman et al (2015;Weissman, Jiang, & Egner, 2014). The authors suggested that this difference might be because distractor information is translated into a response more rapidly than target information in the Simon task compared to the flanker task, giving a "head start" for the inhibition of the distractor-related response.…”

Section: Cognitive Control Across Adolescencesupporting

confidence: 56%

Cognitive control across adolescence: Dynamic adjustments and mind-wandering.

Gyurkovics¹,

Stafford²,

Levita³

2020

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Models of cognitive development suggest that cognitive control, a complex construct that ensures goal-directedness even in the face of distractions, is still maturing across adolescence. In the present study, we investigated how the ability to dynamically adjust cognitive control develops in this period of life, as indexed by the magnitude of the congruency sequence effect (CSE) in conflict tasks, and how this ability might relate to lapses of attention (mindwandering, MW). To these ends, participants from four age groups (12-13, 14-15, 18-20 and 25-27 year-olds) completed confound-minimized variants of the flanker and Simon tasks, along with a Go/No Go task with thought probes to assess their frequency of mindwandering. The CSE was present in both tasks, but was not affected by age in either of them. In addition, the size of the CSE in the flanker, but not in the Simon task was negatively associated with the frequency of MW with awareness. Trait MW and the probability of reporting MW during the task was found to increase with age in accordance with cognitive resource views of MW. Our findings suggest that at the behavioural level there are no substantial developmental changes through the adolescent period in control adjustment ability as measured by the CSE. Response inhibition performance in the Go/No Go task, however, improved significantly with age. The implications of the present results for the conflict monitoring account of the CSE and extant theories of MW are discussed.

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Section: Cognitive Control Across Adolescencesupporting

confidence: 56%

Cognitive control across adolescence: Dynamic adjustments and mind-wandering.

Gyurkovics¹,

Stafford²,

Levita³

2020

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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“…Interestingly, however, the CSE only seems to be especially robust with this preparation for certain tasks (Weissman, Egner, et al, 2015;Weissman et al, 2014). Stroop and flanker tasks (the two most commonly used procedures) revealed no evidence of CSEs, though other reports have revealed small but significant CSEs in these tasks (Duthoo et al, 2014;Jiménez & Méndez, 2014;Kim & Cho, 2014;Weissman, Colter, Drake, & Morgan, 2015). However, strong CSEs are observed with prime-probe arrow and direction word tasks, in which distracters and targets were arrows (or direction words) and the distracter was presented in advance of the target.…”

Section: Congruency Sequence Effects (Cses)mentioning

confidence: 84%

Evidence against conflict monitoring and adaptation: An updated review

2018

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One of the most influential ideas in recent decades in the cognitive psychology literature is conflict monitoring theory. According to this account, each time we experience a conflict (e.g., between a colour word and print colour in the Stroop task), attentional control is upregulated to minimize distraction on subsequent trials. Though influential, evidence purported to support this theoretical model (primarily, proportion congruent and congruency sequence effects) has been frequently criticized. Furious debate has centered on whether or not conflict monitoring does or does not occur and, if so, under which conditions. The present article presents an updated review of this debate. In particular, the article considers new research that either (a) seems particularly damaging for the conflict monitoring view or (b) seems to provide support for the theory. The author argues that new findings of the latter sort are still not compelling, several of which have already-demonstrated confounds and others which are plausibly confounded. Further progress has, to a greater extent than not, provided even stronger support for the position that conflict monitoring is merely an illusion. Instead, the net results can be more coherently understood in terms of (relatively) simpler learning/memory biases unrelated to conflict or attention that confound the key paradigms.

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“…These studies have shown that the CSE is sometimes smaller when participants switch between different hands (Kim & Cho, 2014; Lim & Cho, 2018) or between their hands and their feet (Braem, Verguts, & Notebaert, 2011; Janczyk & Leuthold, 2018) from one trial to the next than when they do not switch. However, the CSE in the distractor-interference version of the prime-probe task is not influenced by whether participants use the same or different hands to respond in consecutive trials (Weissman, Colter, Drake, & Morgan, 2015). Further, the hand that participants use to respond in the present study varies within each trial, rather than across trials as in the studies above.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The congruency sequence effect in a modified prime-probe task indexes response-general control.

Weissman¹,

Grant²,

Jones³

2020

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Adapting flexibly to recent events is essential in everyday life. A robust measure of such adaptive behavior is the congruency sequence effect (CSE) in the prime-probe task, which refers to a smaller congruency effect after incongruent trials than after congruent trials. Prior findings indicate that the CSE in the prime-probe task reflects control processes that modulate response activation after the prime onsets but before the probe appears. They also suggest that similar control processes operate even in a modified prime-probe task wherein the initial prime is a relevant target, rather than merely a distractor. Because adaptive behavior frequently occurs in the absence of irrelevant stimuli, the present study investigates the nature of the control processes that operate in this modified prime-probe task. Specifically, it investigates whether these control processes modulate only the response cued by the prime (response-specific control) or also other responses (response-general control). To make this distinction, we employed a novel variant of the modified prime-probe task wherein primes and probes are mapped to different responses (i.e., effectors), such that only response-general control processes can engender a CSE. Critically, we observed a robust CSE in each of 2 experiments. This outcome supports the response-general control hypothesis. More broadly, it suggests that the control processes underlying the CSE overlap with general mechanisms for adapting to sequential dependencies in the environment. Public Significance StatementAdapting flexibly to recent events is a crucial aspect of cognitive control. For example, after discovering that a passenger's directions for reaching one destination are incorrect, a driver may become cautious about following the same passenger's directions to a second destination. It remains unclear, however, exactly how control processes adapt flexibly to whether or not advance information (e.g., driving directions) was recently useful. More specifically, it remains unclear whether they adapt solely by modulating the response that advance information currently cues (e.g., by inhibiting a "turn left" response that a passenger suggests) or also by modulating a different response (e.g., by activating an alternative "turn right" response). Our findings support the latter possibility and thereby distinguish between competing accounts of adaptive control.

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The congruency sequence effect transfers across different response modes

Cited by 15 publications

References 30 publications

Cognitive control across adolescence: Dynamic adjustments and mind-wandering.

Cognitive control across adolescence: Dynamic adjustments and mind-wandering.

Evidence against conflict monitoring and adaptation: An updated review

The congruency sequence effect in a modified prime-probe task indexes response-general control.

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