The conditioning of affective self-references by three classes of generalized reinforcers1

The purpose of this study was to help counselor trainees learn to respond consistently to client negative affect such as anger and depression. Fifty graduate students were randomly divided into five groups that were exposed to different kinds of videotaped counselor training procedures. The group of main interest was exposed to a training procedure that enabled the subjects first to verbally practice responding to client negative affect and then to observe a model counselor's response. When these subjects counseled either angry or depressed role-playing clients, they responded more consistently to client feelings than subjects exposed to other training procedures. An analysis of covariance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data.Negative affect expressed by clients has long been a focus of attention for counselors. Feelings such as anger, guilt, and depression are typically considered important areas for discussion and analysis. Frequently, the persistence of one of these feelings is the central problem presented by the client. If it is not the central problem, the content regarding the problem is often related to such a feeling: The dissolving marriage may be permeated by anger, poor academic performance sometimes results in excessive guilt, alcohol dependence can be associated with prolonged states of depression.Recently, several writers have been concerned with the role that negative affect plays in the counseling process (e.g.

Section: Dependent Measurementioning

confidence: 99%

Helping counselor trainees learn to respond consistently to anger and depression.

Hector¹,

Davis²,

Denton³

et al. 1981

“…A positive affective response was defined as any comment in which feelings of love, happiness, liking, enjoyment, pleasurable excitement, warmth and desire were expressed. A negative affective self-reference was coded when feelings of anger, fear, despondency, hatred, dislike, despair, and loneliness were present (Merbaum, 1963). The scoring criteria used were similar to those of Pisoni (1958,1960) and Janofsky (1971).…”

Section: Dependent Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interjudge reliability for this method of frequency counts has been reported in three studies. Salzinger and Pisoni (1960) reported a range from .79 to 1.00, Merbaum (1963) estimated coefficients ranging from .93 to .85, and Janofsky (1971) reported a reliability coefficient of .99. The reliability of all three studies was based on the Pearson product-moment correlation.…”

Section: Dependent Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of counselor sex and sex role and client sex on clients' perceptions and self-disclosure in a counseling analogue study.

Feldstein¹

1979

The overall purpose of this study was to determine the effects of client sex and counselor sex and sex role on the counseling relationship, using an analogue format in which 35 male and 39 female undergraduate students participated in simulated counseling interviews. Subjects were stratified by sex and randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions: (a) masculine male counselor, (b) feminine male counselor, (c) masculine female counselor, and (d) feminine female counselor. At the conclusion of the interview, the subject completed the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (Form OS-M-64) and a questionnaire assessing the subject's satisfaction with the counseling session. The audiotapes of the sessions were rated by trained judges for (a) positive affective self-references, (b) negative affective self-references, and (c) total nonaffective self-references of the subjects. A 2 X 2 X 2 factorial analysis was performed on each of the dependent variables. The results indicate that male subjects were more satisfied with the counseling process than female subjects. In addition, male subjects indicated greater satisfaction and a higher level of counselor regard with feminine counselors than with masculine counselors, regardless of counselor sex. In contrast, female subjects indicated greater satisfaction and a higher level of counselor regard with masculine counselors than with feminine counselors, regardless of counselor sex. The results also indicate that male subjects talked most about themselves with feminine female counselors and least about themselves with masculine female counselors, while female subjects talked most about themselves with feminine male counselors and least about themselves with masculine male counselors. These findings are related to the feminist plea for same-sex pairing in the counseling relationship.One of the significant controversies in necessary conditions for personal growth current counseling practice concerns the (Carter, 1971;Chesler, 1972). Advocates of problem of sex pairing in the counseling re-this position believe that men understand lationship. There have been many obser-men better than they do women and that a vations and suggestions that same-sex similar correspondence holds for women pairing, particularly with females, is desir-because biological gender defines similarity able in counseling in order to provide the in personality and experiences.. Recent results of research investigating This article is based on the author's doctoral disser-sex pairing in the counseling relationship, tation completed at the University of Rochester under however, are inconsistent. Whereas several the direction of Gerald A. Gladstein. Appreciation and studies have indicated that same-sex pairing gratitude are expressed to Gerald A. Gladstein and to ; nf , rpfl( ,po Wph of pmnathv offprpd hv Howard Iker and Susan Whitbourne for their assistance mcreases iev elS 01 empatny Oliered Dy as dissertation committee members.counselors to clients (Daane & bchmidt, The author also wishes to thank T. Th...

“…A contrasting approach to the study of counselor verbal behavior focuses on specific behaviors or skills rather than conditions. A number of studies have documented that specific counselor verbal behaviors (e.g., reflection, restatement, interpretation) are related to desirable client verbal behaviors (e.g., affective self-referents; Auerswald, 1974;Barnabei, Cormier, & Nye, 1974;Hill & Gormally, 1977;Highlen & Baccus, 1977;Kennedy & Zimmer, 1968;Merbaum, 1963;Merbaum & Southwell, 1965;Waskow, I would like to express special appreciation to my two judges, Carole Greenwald and Cindy Creyke. Several other people who aided in preparation of the tapes and transcripts deserve my thanks: Jill Colman, Gerry McGarvey, Nathan Brown, Phyllis Joffe, and Trudy Foster.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a counselor verbal response category.

Hill¹

1978

214

220

A counselor response category system for measuring counselor verbal behavior was developed by incorporating components from 11 existing systems, refining the categories after use, and having experts match examples to the definitions. The resulting system had 17 mutually exclusive categories, which had at least minimal face and content validity. In rating 3,866 counselor response units from 12 personal/emotional intake sessions, the category system resulted in high agreement levels between three judges. An analysis of the agreement levels for individual categories led to a revised 14-category system.