The Conceptual and Clinical Problems of Paraneoplastic Syndrome in Oncology and Internal Medicine

Abstract

Symptomatology of oncological diseases consists not only of local symptoms caused by the primary malignancy or its metastases, but also by general systemic signs that are not directly connected with the tumor. These symptoms are mostly associated with autoimmunity or endocrine influences. In many cases, the source of paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) is unknown. Nearly 15% of oncological patients demonstrate these syndromes but it is diagnosed much more rarely. The survey of the numerous PNS is offered. The significance of the PNS differs for oncologists and other physicians who encounter it in their practice. The reason of those differences, as well as the connection between PNS and cancer toxicity is discussed. The experience of antitoxic therapy (hemosorption, lymphosorption, enterosorption) used in our clinic in the previous years is overviewed.

Disease drivers of aging

“…A relatively underappreciated effect of many malignant tumors is their ability to cause genomic damage or damage responses in distal tissues . More generally, paraneoplastic syndromes—symptoms that are due to cancer but not to the local presence of cancer cells—have been known for decades . In both cases, the ability of tumors to affect distal tissues is thought to derive from circulating tumor‐derived cytokines, hormones, and other factors.…”

“…110 More generally, paraneoplastic syndromessymptoms that are due to cancer but not to the local presence of cancer cells-have been known for decades. 111 In both cases, the ability of tumors to affect distal tissues is thought to derive from circulating tumor-derived cytokines, hormones, and other factors. Notably, the indirect effects of cancers-which include neurological deficits, thrombocytosis, anemia, glomerulonephritis, and other symptoms-partially overlap with phenotypes and pathologies that are common among nondiseased elderly.…”

Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Lung Cancer

“…The term "paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS)" refers to tumor-related symptoms and findings that are independent of the direct, local extent or physical effects of metastases. PNS develops in response to the effects of hormones and cytokines released from cancer cells, or due to the immunologic response of cancer cells [1,2]. In this regard, there is no single mechanism underlying the development of PNS, and potential mechanisms have not yet been clearly understood.…”

“…Granulocytosis, in the absence of infection or leukemia, is relatively common at the time of diagnosis or during the follow-up of patients with LC, and it is seen in 14.5% of patients with LC, and the majority of which are giant-cell lung carcinoma cases [2,68,70]. Granulocytosis develops due to the production of paraneoplastic hematopoietic growth factors and certain cytokines (IL-6) [70].…”

Cutaneous sarcoidosis: a new subset in the spectrum of paraneoplastic dermatoses

“…Paraneoplastic syndrome (PS) is a group of manifestations associated with the presence of internal malignancies . Until now, there has been no confirmed evidence explaining the contribution of these manifestations to the tumour either due to its direct local effect, or metastatic spread, or the systemic effects of hormones …”